See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person appointed to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act for another, from atourner, legal See also:

• LAT

Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)  , in See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, in its widest sense, any substitute or See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent appointed to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act in " the turn, See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead or See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of another." Attorneys are of two kinds, attorneys-in-fact and attorneys-at-law . An attorneyin-fact is simply an agent, the extent of whose capacity to act is bounded only by the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers embodied in his authority, his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney . An attorney-at-law was a public officer, conducting legal proceedings on behalf of others, known as his clients, and attached to the supreme courts of See also:

• COMMON

common law at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster . Attorneys-at-law corresponded to .the solicitors of the courts of See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery and the proctors of the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty, ecclesiastical, See also:

• PROBATE

probate and See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce courts . Since the passing of the Judicature Act of 1873, however, the designation" attorney" has become obsolete in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, all persons admitted as Solicitors, attorneys or proctors of an English See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court being henceforth called " solicitors of the supreme court " (see See also:

• SOLICITOR

SOLICITOR) . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States an attorney-at-law exercises all the functions distributed in England between barristers, attorneys and solicitors, and his full See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title is " attorney and counsellor-atlaw." When acting in a court of admiralty he is styled " See also:

• PROCTOR
• PROCTOR, ALEXANDER PHIMISTER (1862– )
• PROCTOR, RICHARD ANTHONY (1837-1888)

proctor " or " See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate." Formerly, in some states, there existed a grade among lawyers of attorneys-at-law, which was inferior to that of counsellors-at-law, and in colonial times New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey established a higher See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank still—that of See also:

• SERJEANT

serjeant-at-law . Now the See also:

• TERM

term attorney-at-law is precisely See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to that of lawyer . Attorneys are admitted by some court to which the legislature confides the power, and on examination prescribed by the court, or by a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state examiners, as the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case may be . The term of study required is generally two or three years, but in some states less . In one no examination is required . See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College graduates are often admitted to examination after a shorter term of study than that required from those not so educated . In the courts of the United States, See also:

• ADMISSION

admission is regulated by rules of court and based upon a previous admission to the state See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar .

In almost all states aliens are not admitted as attorneys, and in many states See also:

• WOMEN

women are ineligible, but during See also:

• RECENT

recent years several states have passed statutes permitting them to practise . Since 1879 women have been eligible to practise before the U . S . Supreme Court, if already admitted to practise in some state court, under the same conditions as men . A state attorney or See also:

• DISTRICT

district attorney is the See also:

• LOCAL

local public prosecutor . He is either elected by popular See also:

• VOTE

vote at the state elections for the district in which he resides and goes out of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with the See also:

• POLITICAL

political party for which he was elected, or he is appointed by the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the state for that district and for the same term . He represents the state in criminal prosecutions and also in See also:

• CIVIL

civil actions within his district . There is a United States district attorney in each federal district, similarly representing the federal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government before the courts . An attorney is an officer of the court which admits him to practise, and he is subject to its discipline . He is liable tc his client in See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages for failure to exercise See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary care and skill, and he can bring See also:

• ACTION

action for the value of his services . He has a See also:

• LIEN

lien on his client's papers, and usually on any See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment in favour of his client to secure the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of his fees . (See also under BAR, THE.) ATTORNEY-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

GENERAL, in England, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief law officer appointed to See also:

• MANAGE

manage all the legal affairs and suits in which the See also:

• CROWN

crown is interested .

He is appointed by letters-patent authorizing him to hold office during the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign's See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . He is ex officio the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the bar, and only counsel of the highest See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence are appointed to the office . The origin of the office is uncertain, but as far back as 1277 we find an attornatus regis appointed to look after the interests of the crown, in proceedings affecting it before the courts . He has See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence in all the courts, and in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords he has precedence of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord advocate, even in Scottish appeals, but unlike the lord advocate and the Irish attorney-general he is not necessarily made a privy councillor . He is a necessary party to all proceedings affecting the crown, and has extensive powers of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control in matters See also:

• RELATING

relating to charities, lunatics' estates, criminal prosecutions, &c . The attorney-general and the solicitor-general are always members of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons (except for temporary difficulties in obtaining a seat) and of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, being selected from the party in power, and their See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice is at the disposal of the government and of each See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the government, while in the House of Commons they defend the legality of ministerial action if called in question . Previously to 1895 there was no restriction placed on the law See also:

• OFFICERS

officers as to their See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of private practice, but since that date this See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege has been withdrawn, and the See also:

• SALARY

salary of the attorney-general is fixed at £7000 a See also:

• YEAR

year and in addition such fees according to the ordinary professional scales as he may receive for any litigious business he may conduct on behalf of the crown . The crown has also as a legal adviser an attorney-general in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland he is called lord advocate (q.v.) . There is also an attorney-general in almost allthe See also:

• BRITISH

British colonies, and his duties are very similar to those of the same officer in England . In the self-governing colonies he is appointed by the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and in the crown colonies by royal See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant under the signet and sign-See also:

• MANUAL

manual . There is an attorney-general for the duchy of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall and also one for the duchy of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, each of whom sues in matters relating to that duchy .

The United States has an officer of this name, who has a seat in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet . His duties are in general to represent the federal government before the United States Supreme Court, to advise the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president on questions of law, and to advise similarly the heads of the state departments with reference to matters affecting their department . His opinions are published by the government periodically for the use of its officials and they are frequently cited by the courts . Every state but one or two has a similar officer . He represents the state in important legal matters, and is often required to assist the local prosecutor in trials for See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital offences . He appears for the public See also:

• INTEREST

interest in suits affecting public charities . He is generally elected by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people for the same term as the governor and on the same See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket .