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JEAN BAPTISTE AUDEBERT (1759-1800)

AUDEFROI LE BATARD

AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

BARON THOMAS AUDLEY AUDLEY (c. 1488-1544)

AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, SIR JAMES (c. 1316-1386)

JEAN VICTOR AUDOUIN (1797-1841)

EDMOND AUDRAN (1842-19o1)

ARNOUL AUDREHEM

JOHN JAMES AUDUBON (1780-1851)

BERTHOLD AUERBACH (1812-1882)

GRAF VON ANTON ALEXANDER AUERSPERG (18(36-1876)

AUGEAS, or AUGEIAS

AUGER (from the O. Eng. nafu-gar, nave-borer; the original initial n having been lost, as in " adder," through a confusion in the case of a preceding indefinite article)

PIERRE FRANCOIS CHARLES AUGEREAU

AUGHRIM, or AGHRIM

GUILLAUME VICTOR SMILE AUGIER (182o-1889)

AUGMENT (Lat. augere, to increase)

CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG

WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST CARPZOV (1612-1683)

AUGUSTA BAGIENNORUM

AUGUSTA PRAETORIA SALASSORUM (mod. Aosta, q.v.)

AUGUSTAN HISTORY

JOHANN CHRISTIAN WILHELM AUGUSTI (1772-1841)

SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430)

SAINT AUGUSTINE (d. c.613)

AUGUSTINIAN CANONS

AUGUSTINIAN HERMITS, or FRIARS

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

AUGUSTUS HENRY FITZROY

AUGUSTUS JOHN HERVEY

FRANCOIS AULARD

AULNOY (or AuNOY), MARIE CATHERINE LE JUMEL DE BARNEVILLE DE LA MOTTE, BARONNE

AULOS (Gr. abXos; Lat. tibia; Egyptian hieroglyphic, Ma-it ; medieval equivalents, shalm, chalumeau, schalmei, hautbois)

AULUS CAECINA ALIENUS

HENRI EUGENE PHILIPPE LOUIS AUMALE

AUNCEL (from the Anglo-Fr. auncelle, a confused derivation from l'auncelle, Ital. lancella, a little balance)

RICHARD AUNGERVYLE (1287–1345)

AURA (from the Gr. for " breath " or " breeze ")

AURANGABAD, or AURUNGABAD

AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

CAELIUS AURELIANUS

LOUIS JEAN BAPTISTE AURELLE DE PALADINES

AUREOLE AUREOLA (diminutive of Lat. aura, air)

AURICLE (from Lat. diminutive of auris, ear)

AURICULA (Primula auricula)

AURIFABER (the latinized form of Goldschmidt)

AURIGA (the " charioteer " or " waggoner ")

AUROCHS (from Lat. urns, the wild ox, and " ox ")

AURORA (perhaps through a form ausosa from Sansk. ush, to burn ; the common idea of " brightness " suggests a connexion with aurum, gold)

AURORA POLARIS (Aurora Borealis and Australis, Polar Light, Northern Lights)

AUSCULTATION (from Lat. auscultare, to listen)

DECIMUS MAGNUS AUSONIUS (c. 310-395)

AUSSIG (Czech Ousti ned Labem)

JANE AUSTEN (1775-1817)

AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

JOHN AUSTIN (179o-1859)

SARAH AUSTIN (1793-1867)

STEPHEN FULLER AUSTIN (1793-1836)

AUSTRALIA AND NEW

AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA

AUSTRALIAN REGION

AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY

LOWER AUSTRIA (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")

UPPER AUSTRIA (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (1740-1'748)

AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

AUTOCEPHALOUS (from Gr. abaes, self, and Ke¢aXi7, head)

AUTOCHTHONES (Gr. drabs, and xO(:ov, earth, i.e. people sprung from earth itself; Lat. terrigenae; see also under ABORIGINES)

AUTOCRACY (Gr. abroepareca, absolute power)

AUTOGAMY (from Gr. aeros, self, and yaµia, marriage)

AUTOGENOUS AUTOGENY (Gr. abroyevi7s)

AUTOLYCUS OF PITANE

AUTOMATIC WRITING

AUTOMATON (from aurOs,self, and uiw, to seize)

AUTOMORPHISM (from Gr. abr6s, self, and popcb , form)

AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

AUTOPSY (Gr. aisros, self, and i4'tc, sight, investigation)

JOSEPH AUTRAN (1813-1877)

AUXANOMETER (Gr. ab iu'av, to increase, µfTpov, measure)

AUXENTIUS (fl. c. 370)

AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

AUXIMUM (mod. Osimo)

AVALANCHE (adopted from a French dialectic form, avalance, descent)

AVALON (also written AVALLON, AVOLLON, AVILION and AVELION)

1ST BARON JOHN LUBBOCK AVEBURY (1834– )

AVELLA (anc. Abella)

Avenpace or Aben Pace] the name being corrupted by the Latins into Avempace i.e. son of the goldsmith known as Ibn Bajja or Ibn Sa'igh AVEMPACE [Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya

RICHARD HEINRICH LUDWIG AVENARIUS (1843-1896)

AVENGER OF BLOOD

AVENGERS, or VENDICATORI

AVENTAIL, or AVANTAILLE (O. Fr. esventail, presumably from a Latin word exventaculum, air-hole)

AVENTINUS (1477-1534)

AVENTURINE, or AVANTURINE

AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

AVENZOAR, or ABUMERON [Abu Merwan 'Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr]

AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)

AVIARY (from Lat. avis, a bird)

RUFIUS FESTUS AVIENUS

AVILA (anc. Abula or Avela)

LUIS DE AVILA Y ZUNIGA (c.1490 C. 1560)

GIL GONZALEZ DE AVILA (c. 1577-1658)

PEDRO MENENDEZ DE AVILES (1519-1574)

AVIZANDUM (from Late Lat. avizare, to consider)

AVLONA (anc. Aulon; Ital. ' Valona; Alb. Vliona)

CONTE AMEDEO AVOGADRO

1ST VISCOUNT BARRY YELVERTON AVONMORE (1i36-18o5)

AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

AWL (0. Eng. ael; at one time spelt nawl by a confusion with the indefinite article before it)

AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

AXIOM (Gr. &iwµa)

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

AXLE (in Mid. Eng. axel-tre, from O. Norweg. oxull-tre, cognate with the O. Eng. exe or eaxe, and connected with Sansk. dksha, Gr. a wv, and Lat. axis)

ADELARDO LOPEZ DE AYALA Y HERRERA (1828–1879)

DON PEDRO LOPEZ DE AYALA (1332–1407)

LUCAS VASQUEZ DE AYLLON (c. t47'5-1526)

JOHN AYLMER (1521-1594)

AYMARA (anc. Cella)

AYMER, or 1ETHELMAR, OF VALENCE (d. 126o)

AYMESTRY LIMESTONE

JAKOB AYRER (?-16o5)

WILLIAM EDWARD AYRTON (1847-1908)

SAMUEL AYSCOUGH (1745-1804)

AYSCUE (erroneously ASKEW or AYSCOUCU), SIR GEORGE (d. 1671)

WILLIAM EDMONSTOUNE AYTOUN (1813-1865)

AYTOUN, or AYTON, SIR ROBERT (1570-1638)

AYUB KHAN (1855– )

PIERRE HYACINTHE AZAIS (1766-1845)

AZAMGARH, or AZIMGARH

AZAN (Arabic for " announcement ")

DON JOSE NICHOLAS DE AZARA (1731-1804)

MARQUIS MASSIMO TAPARELLI AZEGLIO

AZERBAIJAN (also spelt ADERBIJAN; the Azerbadegan of medieval writers, the Athro patakan and Atropatene of the ancients)

AZIMUTH (from the Arabic)

AZO (c. 1150-1230)

AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

AZOXIMES (furo [a.b.] diazoles)

AZTECS (from the Nahuatl word aztlan, " place of the Heron," or " Heron " people)

AZUAY (sometimes written AssuAY)

DOMENICO ALBERTO AZUNI (1749-1827)

GOMES EANNES DE AZURARA (?-1474)

AZURE (derived, through the Romance languages, from the Arabic al-lazward, for the precious stone lapis lazuli, the initial 1 having dropped)

AZURITE, or CHESSYLITE

AZYMITES (Gr. It-, without; Sµn, leaven)

B1BI TOG R A PH IC ALNOTE

FRANZ XAVER VON BAADER (1765–1841)

BAALBEK (anc. Heliopolis)

BABADAG, or BABATAG

CHARLES BABBAGE (1792—1871)

FRANCOIS NOEL BABEUF (1760-t797)

ANTHONY BABINGTON (1561–1586)

CHURCHILL BABINGTON (1821-1889)

BABIRUSA (" pig-deer ")

BABOON (from the Fr. babuin, which is itself derived from Babon, the Egyptian deity to whom it was sacred)

BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA

BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN RELIGION

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685–1750)

KARL PHILIPP EMANUEL BACH (1714-1788)

YAIR BACHARACH (1639-1702)

LOUIS PETIT DE BACHAUMONT (169o-1771)

ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE (1806-1867)

FRANCIS EDWARD BACHE (1833–1888)

BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

BACHIAN (Dutch Batjan)

BACKERGUNJE, or BAKARGANJ

BACKHUYSEN, or BAKHUISEN, LUDOLF (1631-1708)

BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)

FRANCIS BACON (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)

JOHN BACON (1740–1799)

LEONARD BACON (1802–1881)

ROGER BACON (c. 1214-c. 1294)

SIR NICHOLAS BACON (1509-1579)

JOHN BACCONIUS] BACO BACONTHORPE [BACON (d. 1346)

JANOS BACSANYI (1763-1845)

BACTRIA (Bactriana)

BADAGAS (literally " a Telugu man ")

BADAJOZ (formerly sometimes written Badajos)

SISTO BADALOCCHIO

BADALONA (anc. Baetulo)

JOHN BADBY (d. 1410)

ROBERT BADDELEY (c. 1732–1794)

GRAND DUCHY OF BADEN

BADGHIS (" home of the winds ")

CHARLES BADHAM (1813-1884)

BARON BARTHOLOMEW BADLESMERE (I275-1322)

BADMINTON, or GREAT BADMINTON

KARL BAEDEKER (1801–1859)

JOHANN CHRISTIAN FELIX BAEHR (1798–1872)

BAEL FRUIT (Aegle marmelos)

KARL ERNST VON BAER (1792-1876)

WILLIAM JACOB BAER (186o– )

BAETYLUS (Gr. fairvXos, (3aeri)Xzov)

JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER (1835– )

BAEZA (anc. Beatia)

WILLIAM BAFFIN (1584–1622)

BAGATELLE (French, from Ital. bagatella,.bagata, a trifle)

BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

WALTER BAGEHOT (1826-1877)

BAGELKHAND, or BAGHELKEAND

BAGGARA (" Cowherds ")

JENS IMMANUEL BAGGESEN (1764-1826)

BARTOLOMMEO BAGNACAVALLO (1484-1542)

PRINCE PETER BAGRATION (1765-1812)

BAHADUR SHAH II

BAHAMAS (Lucayos)

BAHAWALPUR, or BHAWALPUR

BAHRAIN (Varahrdn, in Gr. Ovapapavrls or Ofipapavns, the younger form of the old Verethragna, the name of a Persian god, "the killer of the dragon Verethra")

KARL FRIEDRICH BAHRDT (1741-1792)

BAHREIN ISLANDS

BAHUT (a French word of unknown origin)

BAIDAWI ('Abdallah ibn 'Umar al-BaidawI)

BAIKAL (known to the Mongols as Dalai-nor, and to the Turkish tribes as Bai-kul)

WILLIAM BALFOUR BAIKIE (1824-1864)

BAILEY (said to be a corruption of Ballium by some, and derived by others from the Fr. baille, a corruption of bataille, because there the soldiers were drilled in battle array)

PHILIP JAMES BAILEY (1816-1902)

SAMUEL BAILEY (1791-1870)

ADRIEN BAILLET (1649-1706)

JOANNA BAILLIE (1762-1851)

LADY GRIZEL BAILLIE (1665-1746)

ROBERT BAILLIE (1602-1662)