AUDE  , a maritime See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, formed in 1790 from See also:

• PART

part of the old See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc . See also:

• AREA

Area, 2448 sq. m . Pop . (1906) 308,327 . It is bounded E. by the Mediterranean, N. by the departments of See also:

• HERAULT

Herault and See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn, N.W. by Haute-See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne, W. by See also:

• ARIEGE

Ariege, and S. by See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees-Orientales . The department is traversed on its western boundary from S. to N. by a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range of See also:

• MEDIUM

medium height, which unites the Pyrenees with the southern See also:

• CEVENNES (Lat. Cebenna or Gebenna)

Cevennes; and its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern frontier is occupied by the Montagne Noire, the most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly portion of the Cevennes . The Corbieres, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Pyrenees, run in a See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east direction along the southern See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The Aude (q.v.), its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVER

river, has almost its entire length in the department, and its See also:

• LOWER

lower course, together with its tributary the Fresquel, forms the dividing See also:

• LINE

line between the Montagne Noire and the Pyrenean See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The lowness of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast causes a, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of large lagoons, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which are those of Bages et Sigean, Gruissan, Lapalme and Leucate . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is warm and dry, but often sudden in its alterations . The See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind from the north-west, known as the cers, blows with See also:

• GREAT

great violence, and the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BREEZE

breeze is often laden with pestilential effluvia from the lagoons . The See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture of the department is in a flourishing See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition .

The meadows are extensive and well watered, and are pastured by numerous flocks and herds . The See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain produce, consisting mainly of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, oats, See also:

• RYE

rye and See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, exceeds the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, and the vineyards yield an abundant See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of both See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and red wines, those of Limoux and the Narbonnais being most highly esteemed . Truffles are abundant . The See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive and See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut are the chief fruits . Mines of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese, and especially of See also:

• MISPICKEL

mispickel, are worked, and there are See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-quarries and productive See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-marshes . See also:

• BREWING

Brewing, distilling, See also:

• COOPERAGE (from " cooper," a maker of casks, derived from such forms as Mid. Dutch caper, Ger. Kufer, Lat. cuparius; the same root is seen in various Teut. words for a basket, such as Dutch kuip and Eng. " kipe " and " coop, " but cooper is apparently not
• COOPERAGE, or COPERAGE (Flemish and Dutch kooper, a trader, dealer)

cooperage, iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, See also:

• HAT

hat-making and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine construction are carried on, and there are See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-See also:

• WORKS

works, saw-mills, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur refineries and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper works . The formerly flourishing textile See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are now of small importance . The department imports See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, stone, salt, raw sulphur, skins and timberand exports agricultural and See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products, bricks and tiles, and other manufactured goods . It is served by the Southern railway . The See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal du Midi, following the courses of the Fresquel and the Aude, traverses it for 76 m.; and a branch, the Canal de la Robine, which passes through See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne to the sea, has a length of 24 M . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is See also:

• CARCASSONNE

Carcassonne, and the department is divided into the four arrondissements of Carcassonne, Limoux, Narbonne and See also:

• CASTELNAUDARY

Castelnaudary, with 31 cantons and 439 communes . It belongs to the 16th military region, and to the See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic (educational See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) of See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, where also is its See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal .

It forms the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Carcassonne. and part of the province of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse . Carcassonne, Narbonne and Castelnaudary are the principal towns . At Alet, which has hot springs of some See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, there are ruins of a See also:

• FINE

fine Romanesque See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral destroyed in the religious See also:

• WARS

wars of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The extensive buildings of the Cistercian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Fontfroide, near Bizanet, include a Romanesque See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, a See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister, dormitories and a See also:

• REFECTORY (med. Lat. refectorium, from reficere, to refresh)

refectory of the 12th century . A curious polygonal church of the 1th century at Rieux-Minervois, the abbey-church at St Papoul, with its graceful cloister' of the 14th century, and the remains of the important abbey of St Hilaire, founded in the 6th century and rebuilt from the 12th to the 15th century, are also of antiquarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest . See also:

• RENNES

Rennes-See also:

• LES

les-Bains has mineral springs of repute .