AUGSBURG  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and episcopal see of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia . Pop . (1885) 65,905; (1900) 89,109; (1905) 93,882 . It lies on a high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, 1500 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, between the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Wertach and See also:

• LECH (Licus)

Lech, which unite below the city, 39 M . W.N.W. from See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, with which, as with See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, See also:

• INGOLSTADT

Ingolstadt and See also:

• ULM

Ulm, it is connected by See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines of railway . It consists of an upper and a See also:

• LOWER

lower town, the old See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob suburb and various See also:

• MODERN

modern suburbs . Its fortifications were dismantled in 1703 and have since been converted into public promenades . See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street is remarkable for its breadth and architectural beauty . One of its most interesting edifices is the See also:

• FUGGER

Fugger Hans, of which the entire front is painted in See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco . Among the public buildings of Augsburg most worthy of See also:

• NOTICE

notice is the town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall in See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, one of the finest in Germany, built by See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias See also:

• HOLL, FRANK (1845–1888)

Holl in 1616-1620 . One of its rooms, called the " See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Hall," from the profusion of its See also:

• GILDING

gilding, is 113 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 59 broad and 53 high . The See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the bishops, where the memorable See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession of Faith was presented to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., is now used for See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices .

Among the seventeen See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches and chapels, the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica with two Romanesque towers, See also:

• DATES

dates in its See also:

• OLDEST

oldest portions from the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich and St Afra, built 1474-1500, is a See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic edifice, with a See also:

• NAVE

nave of magnificent proportions and a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 300 ft. high . The church stands on the spot where the first Christians of the district suffered martyrdom, and where a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel was erected in the 6th century over the See also:

• GRAVE

grave of St Afra . There are also a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant church, St See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne's, a school of arts, a See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic institution, a picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery in the former monastery of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, a museum, See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, botanical gardens, an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, gymnasium, See also:

• DEAF

deaf-See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

mute institution, See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum, several remarkable fountains dating from the 16th century, &c . Augsburg is particularly well provided with See also:

• SPECIAL

special and technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . The newer buildings, all in the modern See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the city, include See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, and a municipal library with 200,000 volumes . The " Fuggerei," built in 1519 by the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Fugger, is a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature town, with six streets or alleys, three See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates and a church, and consists of a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and six small houses let to indigent Roman Catholic citizens at a nominal See also:

• RENT

rent . The manufactures of Augsburg are of See also:

• GREAT

great importance . It is the chief seat of the textile See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south Germany, and its See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods and See also:

• LINEN

linen manufactories employ about 10,000 hands . It is also noted for its bleach and dye See also:

• WORKS

works, its See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine works, foundries, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper factories, and See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• SILK

silk goods, watches, See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry, mathematical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, chemicals, &c . Augsburg is also the centre of the See also:

• ACETYLENE

acetylene See also:

• GAS

gas industry of Germany . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper-See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving, for which it was formerly noted, is no longer carried on; but See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, See also:

• LITHOGRAPHY (Gr. MOOS, a stone, and ypakecv, to write)

lithography and See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing have acquired a considerable development, one of the best-known See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers being the Allgemeine Zeitung or Augsburg See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette .

On the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• RIVER

river, which is here crossed by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, lies the township of Lechhausen . Augsburg (the See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Vindelicorum of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans) derives its name from the Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, who, on the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Rhaetia by See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus, established here a Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony-AUGSBURG about 14 B.C . In the 5th century it was sacked by the See also:

• HUNS

Huns, and afterwards came under the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . It was almost entirely destroyed in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne against Tassilo III., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bavaria; and after the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution and See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of that See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Swabia . After this it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose rapidly into importance as a manufacturing and commercial town, becoming, after See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg, the centre of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade between See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; its See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant princes, the Fuggers and Welsers, rivalled the See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence; but the alterations produced in the currents of trade by the discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries occasioned a great decline . In 1276 it was raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a See also:

• FREE

free imperial city, which it retained, with many changes in its See also:

• INTERNAL

internal constitution, till 18o6, when it was annexed to the kingdom of Bavaria . Meanwhile, it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of numerous events of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance . It was besieged and taken by Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus in 1632, and in 1635 it surrendered to the imperial forces; in 1703 it was bombarded by the electoral See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Bavaria, and forced to pay a contribution of 400,000 dollars; and in the war of 1803 it suffered severely . Of its conventions the most memorable are those which gave See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to the Augsburg confession (1530) and to the Augsburg See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance (1686) . See Wagenseil, Geschichte der Stadt Augsburg (Augs., 182o-1822) ; See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, Geschichte der Stadt Augsburg (1899); See also:

• ROTH, JUSTUS LUDWIG ADOLF (1818-1892)

Roth, Augsburg's Ref ormationsgeschichte (1902) .