See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

CONFESSION OF See also:

• AUGSBURG
• CONFESSION OF AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

AUGSBURG  , the most important See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant statement of belief See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up at the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . In summoning a See also:

• DIET

diet for See also:

• APRIL

April 1530, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. offered a See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing to all religious parties in the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, Justus See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas, See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon and Johann See also:

• BUGENHAGEN, JOHANN (1485-1558)

Bugenhagen were appointed to draw up a statement 'of the Saxon position . These " See also:

• TORGAU

Torgau Articles " (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1530) tell merely why See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony had abolished certain ecclesiastical abuses . Melanchthon, however, soon found.that, owing to attacks by Johann See also:

• ECK, JOHANN MAIER (1486-1543)

Eck of See also:

• INGOLSTADT

Ingolstadt (" 404 Articles "); Saxony must See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state its position in doctrinal matters as well . Taking the Articles of See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg (see MARBURG, COLLOQUY ok') and of See also:

• SCHWABACH

Schwabach as the point of departure, he repudiated all connexion with heretics condemned by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . On the 11th of May he sent the draft to Luther, who approved it, adding that he himself " could not tread so softly and gently." On the 23rd of See also:

• JUNE

June the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession, originally intended as the statement of Electoral Saxony alone, was discussed and signed by a number of other Protestant princes and cities, and read before the diet on the 25th of June . Articles 1-21 See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to show that the Evangelicals had deviated from current See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine only in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to restore the pure and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original teaching of the church . In spite of significant omissions (the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole authority of scripture; rejection of See also:

• TRANSUBSTANTIATION

transubstantiation), the Confession contains nothing contradictory to Luther's position, and in its emphasis on See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification by faith alone enunciates a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal concept of the Evangelical churches . Articles 22-28 describe and defend the reformation of various " abuses." On the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, shorn of much of its original bitterness, the so-called Confutatio pontificia was read; it well expresses the views approved in substance by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and all the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic party . In See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, Melanchthon was ordered to prepare an See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

Apology of the Confession, which the emperor refused to receive; so Melanchthon enlarged it and published the editio princeps of both Confession and Apology in 1531 . As he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt See also:

• FREE

free to make slight changes, the first edition does not represent the exact See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of 1530; the edition of 1533 was further improved, while that of 1540, rearranged and in See also:

• PART

part rewritten, is known as the Variata .

Dogmatic changes in this seem to have drawn forth no protest from Luther or See also:

• BRENZ, JOHANN (1499–1570)

Brenz, so Melanchthon made fresh alterations in 1542 . Later, the Variata of 1340 became the creed of the Melanchthonians and even of the Crypto-calvinists; so the framers of the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

Formula of See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord, promulgated in 1580, returned to the text handed in at the Diet . By See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake they printed from a poor copy and not from the original, from which their See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German text varies at over 45o places . Their Latin text, that of Melanchthon's editio princeps, is more nearly accurate . The textus receplus is that of the Formula of Concord, the divergent Latin and German forms being equally binding . See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

Acceptance of the Confession and Apology was made a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of membership in the See also:

• SCHMALKALDEN

Schmalkalden See also:

• LEAGUE

League . The See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg Concord (1536) and the Articles of Schmalkalden (1J37) reaffirmed them . The Confession was the ultimate source of much of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-nine Articles . The Religious See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg (1555) recognized no Protestants See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save adherents of the Confession; this was modified in 1648 . To-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the Invariata is of symbolical authority among See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans generally, while the Variata is accepted by the Reformed churches of certain parts of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (see Lober, pp . 79-83.) See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions of the received text: J . T .

See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die symbolischen See also:

• BUCHER, LOTHAR (1817–1892)

Bucher der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche (loth ed., See also:

• GUTERSLOH

Gutersloh, 1907), with a valuable See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical introduction by Th . Kolde; Theodor Kolde, Die Augsburgische Konfession (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1896), (contains also the Marburg, Schwabach and Torgau Articles, the Confutatlo and the Variata of 1540) . For See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of these, as well as of See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli's Reckoning of his Faith, and of the Tetrapolitan Confession, see H . E . See also:

• JACOBS, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1764-1847)

Jacobs, The See also:

• BOOK

Book of Concord (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1882-83) . The texts submitted to the emperor, lost before 1570, are reconstructed and compared with the textus receplus by P . Tschackert, Die unveranderte Augsburgische Konfession (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1901) . For the See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

genesis of the Confession, see Th . Kolde, Die alteste Redaktion der Augsburger Konfession (Gutersloh, 1906), also Kolde's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, " Augsburger Bekenntnis," in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed., vol. ii., Leipzig, 1897) . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard commentary is still G . L . Plitt, Einleitung in die Augustana (See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen, 1867 ff.) ; compare also J .

Ficker, Die Konfutation See also:

• DES

des Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses in ihrer ersten Gestalt (Leipzig, 1891); also A . Petzold, Die Konfutation des Vierstadtebekenntnisses (Leipzig, 1900) . On its See also:

• PRESENT

present use see G . Lober, Die See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im evangelischen Deutschland geltenden Ordinationsverpflichtungen geschichtlich geordnet (Leipzig, 1905), 79 if . (W . W .