See also:

• AUGUSTA

AUGUSTA PRAETORIA SALASSORUM (mod. See also:

• AOSTA (anc. Augusta Praetoria Salassorum)

Aosta, q.v.)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the Salassi, founded by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus about 24 B.C. on the site of the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro See also:

• MURENA

Murena, who subdued this tribe in 25 B.C., and settled with 3000 See also:

• PRAETORIANS

praetorians . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny calls it the last town of Italy on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and its position at the confluence of two See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, at the end of the See also:

• GREAT

Great and Little St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, gave it considerable military importance, which is vouched for by considerable remains of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman buildings . The ancient town walls, enclosing a rectangle 793 by 624 yds., are still preserved almost in their entire extent . The walls are 21 ft. high . They are built of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete faced with small blocks of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and at the bottom are nearly 9 ft. thick, and at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top 6 ft . There are towers at the angles of the See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, and others at intervals, and two at each of the four See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, making a See also:

• TOTAL

total of twenty towers altogether . They are roughly 32 ft. square, and project 14 ft. from the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall . The Torre del See also:

• PAILLERON, EDOUARD JULES HENRI (1834-1899)

Pailleron on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and the Torre del Leproso in the west are especially well preserved . The See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and south gates exist (the latter, a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• GATE

gate with three See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches flanked by two towers, is the Porta Praetoria, and is especially See also:

• FINE

fine), while the rectangular arrangement of the streets perpetuates the Roman See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, dividing the town into 16 blocks (insulae) . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main road, 32 ft. wide, divides the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city into two equal halves, See also:

• RUNNING

running from east to west, an arrangement which makes it clear that the guarding of the road was the main raison d'etre of the city . Some arcades of the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre (the diameters of which are 282 ft. and 239 ft.), and the south wall of the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre are also preserved, the latter to a height of over 70 ft., and a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place some 300 ft. square, surrounded by See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-houses on three sides with a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple in the centre, and two on the open (south) See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and the thermae, have been discovered . Outside the town is a handsome triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Augustus .

About 5 M. to the west is a single-arched Roman See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, the Pondel, which has a closed passage lighted by windows for See also:

• FOOT

foot passengers in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and above it an open footpath, both being about 32 ft. in width . There are considerable remains of the ancient road from Eporedia (mod . See also:

• IVREA (anc. Eporedia)

Ivrea) to See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Praetoria, up the See also:

• VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle d' See also:

• AOSTA (anc. Augusta Praetoria Salassorum)

Aosta, which the See also:

• MODERN

modern railway follows, notably the See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, with a single arch with a span of 116 ft. and a roadway 15 ft. wide, the cutting of Donnaz, and the Roman See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges of See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon (Pont St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent) and Aosta (Pont de See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre), &c . See C . Promis, Le antichita di Aosta (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1862) ; E . See also:

• BERARD, JOSEPH FREDERIC (1789-1828)

Berard in Atti See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta Societ¢ di Archeologia di Torino, iii . 119 seq . ; Notizie degli Scavi, passim; A. d'Andrade, Relazione dell' Ufficio Regionale per la conservazione dei Monumenti del Piemonte e della See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria (Turin, 1899), 46 seq . (T .