AUGUSTINIAN CANONS  , a religious See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, called also See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin Canons, Canons See also:

• REGULAR

Regular, and in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Canons, because their See also:

• CASSOCK (Fr. casaque, a military cloak)

cassock and See also:

• MANTLE

mantle were black, though they wore a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• SURPLICE (Late Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. cotta and Ger. Chorrock, choir coat)

surplice : elsewhere the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit varied considerably . The canons regular (see See also:

• CANON

CANON) See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew out of the earlier See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute of canonical See also:

• LIFE

life, in consequence of the urgent exhortations of the Lateran See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

Synod of 1059 . The See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of some cathedrals (in England, See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle), and of a See also:

• GREAT

great number of collegiate churches all over western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, responded to the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal; and the need of a See also:

• RULE

rule of life suited to the new regime produced, towards the end ,of the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the so-called Rule of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine (see UGTSTINIANS) . This Rule was widely adopted by the canons re See also:

• LAR

lar, who also began to bind themselves by the vows of poverty, obedience and chastity . In the 12th century this discipline became universal among them; and so arose the order of Augustinian canons as a religious. order in the strict sense of the word . They resembled the monks in so far as they lived in community and took religious vows; but their See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of life remained essentially clerical, and as clerics their See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was to undertake the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral care and serve the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish churches in their patronage . They were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to the choral celebration of the divine See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and in its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor their manner of life differed little from that of monks . Their houses, at first without bonds between them, soon tended to draw together and coalesce into congregations with corporate organization and codes of constitutions supplementary to the Rule . The popes encouraged these centralizing tendencies; and in 1339 See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XII. organized the Augustinian canons on the same general lines as those laid down for the See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines, by a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of provincial chapters and visitations . - Some See also:

• THIRTY

thirty congregations of canons regular of St Augustine are numbered . The most important were: (I) the Lateran canons, formed soon after the synod of 1059, by the clergy of the Lateran See also:

• BASILICA

Basilica; (2) See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of St See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, c . IIoo, remarkable for the theological and mystical school of See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh, See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard and See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam of St Victor; (3) Gilbertines (see See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

GILBERT OF SEMPRINGIIAM, ST); (4) Windesheim Congregation, c .

1400, in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands and over See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and central See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (see See also:

• GROOT, GERHARD (1340—1384)

GROOT, See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

GERHARD), to which belonged See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas a Kempis; (5) Congregation of Ste See also:

• GENEVIEVE, or GENOVEFA, ST (c. 422-512)

Genevieve in Paris, a reform c . 163o . During the later See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the houses of these various congregations of canons regular spread all over Europe and became extraordinarily numerous . They underwent the natural and inevitable vicissitudes of all orders, having their periods of depression and degeneracy, and again of revival and reform . The See also:

• BOOK

book of Johann See also:

• BUSCH, JULIUS HERMANN MORITZ (1821-1899)
• BUSCH, WILHELM (1832-1908)

Busch, himself a canon of Windesheim, 'Di Reformatione monasteriorum, shows that in the 15th century See also:

• GRAVE

grave relaxation had crept into many monasteries of Augustinian canons in north Germany, and the efforts at reform were only partialiy successful . The See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, the religious See also:

• WARS

wars and the Revolution have swept away nearly all the canons regular, but some of their houses in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria still exist in their See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval splendour . In England there were as many as 200 houses of Augustinian canons, and 6o of them were among the " greater monasteries " suppressed in 1538–1540 (for See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list see Tables in F . A . Gasquet's See also:

• ENGLISH

English Monastic Life) . The first See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation was See also:

• HOLY

Holy Trinity, Aldgate, by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Maud, in r1o8; Carlisle was an English See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Augustinian canons . In See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland the order was even more numerous, See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ Church, See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, being one of their houses . Three houses of the Lateran canons were established in England towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century .

Most of the congregations of Augustinian canons had convents of nuns, called canonesses; many such exist to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . See the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• AMORT, EUSEBIUS (1692-1775)

Amort and Du See also:

• MOLINET, JEAN (1433-1507)

Molinet, mentioned under CANON . Vol. ii. of See also:

• HELYOT, PIERRE (1660-1716)

Helyot's Hist. See also:

• DES

des ordres religieux (1792) is devoted to canons regular of all kinds . The See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is epitomized by Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen, i . (1896), §§ 54-6o, where copious references to the literature of the subject are sup-plied . See also See also:

• OTTO

Otto Zockler, Askese and Monchtum, ii . (1897), p.422 ; and Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon (and ed.), See also:

• ART

art . " Canonici Regulares " and " Canonissae." For England see J . W . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, Observances in use at the Augustinian Priory at Barnwell (1897); and an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Theological Studies (v.) by See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes . (E . C .