AUGUSTINIAN HERMITS, or FRIARS  , a religious See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, sometimes called (but improperly) See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Friars (see FRIARS) . In the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century there were in central See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy various small congregations of hermits living according to different rules . The need of co-ordinating and organizing these hermits induced the popes towards 1250 to unite into one See also:

• BODY

body a number of these congregations, so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a single religious order, living according to the See also:

• RULE

Rule of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, and called the Order of Augustinian Hermits, or simply the Augustinian Order . See also:

• SPECIAL

Special constitutions were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up for its See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, on the same lines as the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans and other mendicants—a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general elected by See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, provincials to rule in the different countries, with assistants, definitors and visitors . For this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, and because almost from the beginning the See also:

• TERM

term " hermits " became a misnomer (for they abandoned the deserts and lived conventually in towns), they ranked among the friars, and became the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of the mendicant orders . The observance and manner of See also:

• LIFE

life was, relatively to those times, mild, See also:

• MEAT

meat being allowed four days in the See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . The See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit is black . The See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute spread rapidly all over western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, so that it eventually came to have See also:

• FORTY

forty provinces and 2000 friaries with some 30,000 members . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England there were not more than about 30 houses (see Tables in F . A . Gasquet's See also:

• ENGLISH

English Monastic Life) . The reaction against the inevitable tendencies towards mitigation and relaxation led to a number of reforms that produced upwards of twenty different congregations within the order, each governed by a See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-general, who was subject to the general of the order .

Some of these congregations went in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of austerity beyond the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the institute; and so in the 16th century there arose in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, Italy and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Discalced or Barefooted Hermits of St Augustine, who provided in each See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province one See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house wherein a strictly eremitical life might be led by such as desired it . About 1500 a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at a reform of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind was set on See also:

• FOOT

foot among the Augustinian Hermits of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and they were formed into a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the general . It was from this congregation that See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther went forth, and great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Augustinian Hermits, among them See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus See also:

• LINK

Link the provincial, followed him and embraced the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, so that the congregation was dissolved in 1526 . The Reformation and later revolutions have destroyed most of the houses of Augustinian Hermits, so that now only about a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred exist in various parts of Europe and See also:

• AMERICA

America; in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland they are relatively numerous, having survived the penal times . The Augustinian school of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology (Noris, Berti) was formed among the Hermits . There have been many convents of Augustinian Hermitesses, chiefly in the Barefooted congregations; such convents exist still in Europe and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North America, devoted to See also:

• EDUCATION

education and See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital See also:

• WORK

work . There have also been numerous congregations of Augustinian See also:

• TERTIARIES (Lat. tertiarii, from tertius, third)

Tertiaries, both men and See also:

• WOMEN

women, connected with the order and engaged on charitable See also:

• WORKS

works of every kind (see TERTIARIES) . See See also:

• HELYOT, PIERRE (1660-1716)

Helyot, Hist. See also:

• DES

des ordres religieux (1792), iii . ; Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen, i . (1896), § 61-65; Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon (and ed.), See also:

• ART

art " Augustiner "; See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed.), art . " Augustiner." The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• BOOK

book on the subject is Th . Kolde, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die deutschen Augustiner-Kongregationen (1879) .

(E . C .