See also:

• AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

AURANGZEB (1618-1707)  , one of the greatest of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul emperors of Hindustan, was the third son of Shah Jahan, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1618 . His See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name, Mahommed, was changed by his See also:

• FATHER

father, with whom he was a favourite, into See also:

• AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb, meaning See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of the See also:

• THRONE

throne, and at a later See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he assumed the additional titles of Mohi-eddin, reviver of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and Alam-gir, conqueror of the See also:

• WORLD

world . At a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and throughout his whole See also:

• LIFE

life, he manifested profound religious feeli perhaps instilled into him in the course of his See also:

• EDUCATION

education uncsome of the strictest See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan doctors . He was employed, while very See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, in some of his father's expeditions into the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country beyond the See also:

• INDUS

Indus, gave promise of considerable military talents, and was appointed to the command of an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army directed against the Uzbegs . In this See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign he was not completely successful, and soon after was transferred to the army engaged in the See also:

• DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan . Here he gained several victories, and in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the famous See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, Mir Jumla, who had deserted from the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• GOLCONDA

Golconda, he seized and plundered the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• HYDERABAD, HAIDARABAD
• HYDERABAD, or HAIDARABAD

Hyderabad, which belonged to that monarch . His father's See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express orders prevented Aurangzeb from following up this success, and, not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after, the sudden and alarming illness of Shah Jahan turned his thoughts in another direction . Of Shah Jahan's four sons, the eldest, Dara, a brave and See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, but disliked by the Mussulmans on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his liberality of thought, had a natural right to the throne . Accordingly, on the illness of his father, he at once seized the reins of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and established himself at See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi . The second son, Shuja, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, a dissolute and sensual prince, was dissatisfied, and raised an army to dispute the throne with Dara . The keen See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of Aurangzeb saw in this conjuncture of events a favourable opportunity for realising his own ambitious schemes . His religious exercises and temperate habits gave him, in popular estimation, a See also:

• GREAT

great superiority over his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, but he was too politic to put forward his claims openly .

He made overtures to his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad, governor of See also:

• GUJARAT

Gujarat, representing that neither of their See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brothers was worthy of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, that he himself had no temporal ambition, and desired only to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a See also:

• FIT

fit monarch on the throne, and then to devote himself to religious exercises and make the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . He therefore proposed to unite his forces to those of Murad, who would thus have no difficulty in making himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire while the two elder brothers were divided by their own strife . Murad was completely deceived by these crafty representations, and at once accepted the offer . Their See also:

• UNITED

united armies then moved northward . Meanwhile Shah Jahan had recovered, and though Dara resigned the See also:

• CROWN

crown he had seized, the other brothers professed not to believe in their father's recovery, and still pressed on . Shuja was defeated by Dara's son, but the imperial forces under Jaswant Singh were completely routed by the united armies of Aurangzeb and Murad . Dara in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person took the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field against his brothers, but was defeated and compelled to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly . Aurangzeb then, by a See also:

• CLEVER

clever stroke of policy, seized the person of his father, and threw him into confinement, in which he was kept for the remaining eight years of his life . Murad was soon removed by assassination, and the way being thus cleared, Aurangzeb, with affected reluctance, ascended the throne in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1658 . He quickly freed himself from all other competitors for the imperial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Dara, who again invaded Gujarat, was defeated and closely pursued, and was given up by the native See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief with whom he had taken. See also:

• REFUGE

refuge . He was brought up to Delhi, exhibited to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and assassinated .

Shuja, who had been a second time defeated near See also:

• ALLAHABAD

Allahabad, was attacked by the imperial forces under Mir Jumla and Mahommed, Aurangzeb's eldest son, who, however, deserted and joined his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle . Shuja was defeated and fled to See also:

• ARAKAN

Arakan, where he perished; Mahommed was captured, thrown into the fortress of See also:

• GWALIOR

Gwalior, and died after seven years' confinement . No similar contest disturbed Aurangzeb's long reign of See also:

• FORTY

forty-six years, which has been celebrated, though with doubtful See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, as the most brilliant See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Hindustan . The empire certainly was wealthy and of enormous extent, for there were successively added to it the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich kingdoms of See also:

• BIJAPUR

Bijapur and Golconda, but it was internally decaying and ready to crumble away before the first vigorous See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault . Two causes principally had tended to weaken the Mogul power . The one was the intense bigotry and intolerant policy of Aurangzeb, which had alienated the See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus and roused the fierce animosity of the haughty Rajputs . The other was the rise and rapid growth of the Mahratta power . Under their able See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, See also:

• SIVAJI (1627—1680)

Sivaji, these daring freebooters plundered in every direction, nor could all Aurangzeb's efforts avail to subdue them . For the last twenty-six years of h;s life Aurangzeb was engaged in See also:

• WARS

wars in the Deccan, and never set See also:

• FOOT

foot in his own See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the long contest the Mogul power was weaker, the Mahratta stronger than at first . Still the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal ability and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor were sufficient to keep his realms intact during his own life . His last years were embittered by remorse, by gloomy forebodings, and by See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant suspicion, for he had always been in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of employing a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of espionage, and only then experienced its evil effects .

He died on the 3rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1707 at Ahmadnagar, while engaged on an extensive but unfortunate expedition against the See also:

• MAHRATTAS

Mahrattas . See See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane-See also:

• POOLE
• POOLE, MATTHEW (1624-1699)
• POOLE, PAUL FALCONER (1806-1879)
• POOLE, REGINALD STUART (1832-1895)

Poole, Aurangzib, " Rulers of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (1893) .