See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

AURELIAN [See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius DoMITIus See also:

• AURELIANUS, CAELIUS

AURELIANUS]  ,one of the greatest of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman soldier emperors, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Sirmium in See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia between A.D . 212-214 . He was of humble origin, but nothing definite is known of his See also:

• FAMILY

family . He had always shown See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for a military career, and so distinguished himself in the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in which he took See also:

• PART

part that on one occasion he received a public See also:

• VOTE

vote of thanks . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was proclaimed See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul elect, and adopted by Ulpius Crinitus, military See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• ILLYRIA

Illyria and See also:

• THRACE

Thrace . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius II . Gothicus (270), See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian was proclaimed his successor with the universal approval of the soldiers . His first task was to continue the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war which had been begun by Claudius against the Goths . He drove them out of See also:

• MOESIA (Gr. Muck and Mveia i)

Moesia across the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, where he See also:

• LEFT

left them in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• DACIA

Dacia, which he did not think himself able to retain; the name was transferred to Moesia, which was then called Dacia Aureliani . The See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, how-ever, of Aurelian's reign is very confused, and the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of Dacia is placed by some authorities towards its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close . He next entered upon campaigns against the Juthungi, See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni, and other Germanic tribes, over whom, after a severe defeat which was said to have imperilled the very existence of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, he at length obtained a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete victory . Having thus secured the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and Danube frontiers, he turned his energies towards the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and in 271 set out on his expedition against See also:

• ZENOBIA (Gr. Zr7vo(3ia)

Zenobia, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra (q.v.) .

At the same time he crushed two pretenders to the See also:

• THRONE

throne—Firmus and Tetricus . Firmus, a wealthy See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of See also:

• SELEUCIA (Gr. EeXeimeta)

Seleucia, had proclaimed himself emperor of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . Aurelian, who was at the time in See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, hastened thither, and ordered him to be seized and put to death . Tetricus, who had been proclaimed emperor in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west after the death of See also:

• GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS EGNATIUS

Gallienus, and left undisturbed by Claudius IT., still ruled over See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . A decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle was fought near the See also:

• MODERN

modern Chalons, in which Tetricus was defeated . The restoration of the unity of the empire was thus complete . In 294 a brilliant See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, adorned by the persons of Zenobia and Tetricus, was celebrated at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Aurelian now turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal affairs of the empire . He introduced sumptuary See also:

• LAWS

laws; relieved the poor by distributions of See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• MEAT

meat, proceeded with great severity against informers and embezzlers; began the construction of various public See also:

• WORKS

works and buildings; and proclaimed a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty for See also:

• POLITICAL

political crimes . The restoration and enlargement of the walls of Rome, commenced by him, was not completed till the reign of See also:

• PROBUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• PROBUS, MARCUS VALERIUS

Probus . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to restore the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the coinage is said to have caused a revolt of the workmen and officials connected with the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint, which was only put down with the loss of 7000 soldiers . It has been suggested that this was really an attempt at revolution incited by the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and praetorian See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, the opportunity being found in disturbances resulting from opposition to the attempted reform, which by themselves could hardly have assumed such serious proportions .

Aurelian's restless spirit was not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long able to endure a See also:

• LIFE

life of inaction in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Towards the end of 274, he started on an expedition against the Persians, halting in Thrace by the way . While on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march between Heracleia and See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium, at the beginning of the following See also:

• YEAR

year, he was assassinated through the treachery of his secretary See also:

• EROS

Eros, who, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of his own irregularities, incited certain See also:

• OFFICERS

officers against the emperor by showing them a forged See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, on which their names appeared as marked out for death . Aurelian well deserved the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of restorer of the empire, and it must be remembered that he lived in an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age when severity was absolutely necessary . He was a great soldier and a rigid but just disciplinarian . In more favourable circumstances he would have been a great See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator . He displayed a fondness for pomp and show on public occasions; he was the first Roman emperor to See also:

• WEAR

wear the diadem, and assumed the title of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord and See also:

• GOD

God on medals . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority for the events of Aurelian's reign is his life by Vopiscus, one of the writers of the " Augustan See also:

• HISTORY

History "; it is founded on See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs and certain See also:

• JOURNALS

journals deposited in the See also:

• ULPIAN (DoMrrIus ULPIANUS)

Ulpian library at Rome . See L . Homo, Le Regne de l'empereur Aurelien (1904), and Groag's See also:

• ART

art. in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, v . 1347 See also:

• FOIL

foil .