See also:

• AUROCHS (from Lat. urns, the wild ox, and " ox ")

AUROCHS (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. urns, the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ox, and " ox ")  or URUS, the name of the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ox of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (See also:

• BOS, LAMBERT (1670—1717)

Bos See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

taurus primigenius), which after the disappearance of that See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal became transferred to the bison . According to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Freiherr von Herberstein (1486–1566), in his Moscovia, of which an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation was published ut See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1550, the See also:

• AUROCHS (from Lat. urns, the wild ox, and " ox ")

aurochs survived in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland (and probably also in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary) during the latter See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . In this See also:

• WORK

work appear woodcuts—See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude but characteristic and unmistakable—of two distinct types of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European wild See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle; one the aurochs, or ur, and the other the bison . As Herberstein had travelled in Poland, it is probable that he had seen both See also:

• SPECIES

species alive, and the drawings were most likely executed under his own direction . It has indeed been suggested that the figure of the aurochs was taken from a domesticated ox, but this is a mistaken See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea . Not the least important feature of the work of Herberstein is the application of the name aurochs to the wild ox, as distinct from the bison . The locality where aurochs survived in Herberstein's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was the See also:

• FOREST

forest of Jaktozowka, situated about 55 kilometres See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west of See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, in the provinces of Bolemow and Sochaczew . From other See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence it appears that the last aurochs was killed in this forest in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1627 . Herberstein describes the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the aurochs as See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, and this is confirmed by another old picture of the animal . See also:

• GESNER
• GESNER, ABRAHAM (1797-1864)
• GESNER, JOHANN MATTHIAS (1691—1761)

Gesner's figure of the aurochs, or as he calls it " thur," given in the Icones to his See also:

• HISTORY

History of Animals, was probably adapted from Herberstein's . It may be added that an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• GOBLET
• GOBLET, RENE (1828-1905)

goblet depicts the See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and taming of the wild aurochs . As a wild animal, then, the aurochs appears to have ceased to exist in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; but as a species it survives, for the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the domesticated breeds of European cattle are its descendants, all diminished in point of See also:

• SIZE

size, and some departing more widely from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original type than others .

Aurochs' calves were in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability captured by the early inhabitants of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent and tamed; and from these, with perhaps an occasional blending of wild See also:

• BLOOD

blood, are descended most European breeds of cattle . Much misconception, however, has prevailed as to which breeds are the nearest to the ancestral wild stock . At one time this position was supposed to be occupied by the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• HALF

half-wild cattle of Chillingham and other See also:

• BRITISH

British parks . These white breeds are, however, partial albinos; and such semi-albinos are always the result of domestication and could not have arisen in the wild See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Moreover, See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park-cattle display evidence of their descent from dark-coloured breeds by the retention of red or black ears and See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or black muzzles . In the Chillingham cattle the ears are generally red, although sometimes black, and the muzzle is brown; while in the breed at Cadzow See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase, See also:

• LANARKSHIRE

Lanarkshire, both ears and muzzle are black, and there are usually flecks of black on the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and forequarters . It is further significant that, in the Chillingham See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd, dark-coloured calves, which are weeded out, make their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance from time to time . A very ancient British breed is the black See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke; and when this breed tends to albinism, the ears and muzzle, and more rarely the fetlocks, remain completely black, or very dark See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, although the colour elsewhere is whitish, more or less flecked and blotched with See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale grey . In the shape and curvature of the horns, which at first incline outwards and forwards, and then See also:

• BEND

bend somewhat upwards and inwards, this breed of cattle resembles the aurochs and the (by comparison) dwarfed park-breeds . Moreover, in both the Pembroke and the park-breeds the horns are See also:

• LIGHT

light-coloured with black tips . Evidence as to the See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity between these breeds is afforded by the fact that a breed of cattle very similar to that at Chillingham was found in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales in the loth century; these cattle being white with red ears . Individuals of this See also:

• RACE

race survived till at least r85o in Pembroke, where they were at one time kept perfectly pure as a part of the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• FARM

farm-stock .

Until a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent, they were relatively numerous, and were driven in droves to the pasturages of the See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn and the neighbouring markets . Their whole essential characters are the same as those of the cattle at Chillingham . Their horns are white, tipped with black, and extended and turned upwards in the manner distinctive of the park-breed . The inside of the ears and the muzzle are black, and the feet are black to the fetlock See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint . The skin is unctuous and of a deep-toned yellow colour . Individuals of the race were sometimes See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born entirely black, and then were not to be distinguished from the See also:

• COMMON

common Pembroke cattle of the mountains . It is thus evident that park-cattle are an See also:

• ALBINO

albino offshoot from the ancient Pembroke black breed, which, from their soft and well-oiled skins, are evidently natives of a humid See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, such as that of the forests in which dwelt the wild aurochs . This disposes of a theory that they are descendants of a white sacrificial breed introduced into Britain by the ancient See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . The Pembroke and park-cattle are, however, by no means the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole descendants of the aurochs, the black See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish fighting-bulls claiming a similar descent . This breed shows a light-coloured See also:

• LINE

line along the spine, which was characteristic of the aurochs . It has also been suggested that the Swiss Siemental cattle are nearly related to the aurochs . The latter was a gigantic animal, especially during the See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene period; the skulls and See also:

• LIMB

limb-bones discovered in the See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-earths and gravels of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames valley and many other parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England having belonged to animals that probably stood six feet at the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder .

(R .