See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

WAR OF THE See also:

• AUSTRIAN

AUSTRIAN See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

SUCCESSION (1740-1'748)  . This See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war began with the invasion of See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 1740, and was ended by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1748 . After 1741 nearly all the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe were involved in the struggle, but the most enduring See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the war lies in the struggle of Prussia and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria for Silesia . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy were, as usual, the See also:

• BATTLE

battle-grounds of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Austria . The See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of France and Prussia were See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria; various other powers at intervals joined them . The cause of Austria was supported almost as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of course by See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, the traditional enemies of France . Of Austria's allies from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony were the most important . 1 . Frederick's Invasion of Silesia, 1740.—Prussia in 1740 was a small, compact and thoroughly organized See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, with an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 strong . The only See also:

• RECENT

recent war service of this army had been in the desultory See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1733–35 . It was therefore regarded as one of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor armies of Europe, and few thought that it could See also:

• RIVAL

rival the forces of Austria and France . But it was drilled to a perfection not hitherto attained, and the Prussian See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry soldier was so well trained and equipped that vertrdge (See also:

• BAND

Band G, 1526–1723, See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1903) .

2 . See also:

• WORKS

Works.—(a) See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General . See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

Archdeacon See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• COXE, HENRY OCTAVIUS (1811–1881)
• COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828)

Coxe's See also:

• HISTORY

History of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Austria, 1218–1792 (3 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1817), with its continuation by W . See also:

• KELLY, EDWARD (1854–188o)
• KELLY, HUGH (1739–1777)
• KELLY, MICHAEL (1762–1826)
• KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796–1880)

Kelly (London, 1853; new edition, 1873), remains the only general history of Austria in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . It has, of course, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been superseded as a result of the See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research indicated above . The amount of See also:

• WORK

work that has been devoted to this subject since Coxe's time will be seen from the following See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of books, which are given in the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of their publication:—J . See also:

• MAJLATH, JANOS, or JOHN, COUNT (1786-1855)

Majlath, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des osterreichischen Kaiserstaates (5 vols., See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, 1834–1850) ; See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count F. von See also:

• HARTIG, GEORG LUDWIG (1764-1837)

Hartig, See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis del' Revolution in Osterreich See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Jahre 1848 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1851; 3rd edition, enlarged, ib., 1851; translated as appendix to Coxe's House of Austria, ed . 1853), a work which created a See also:

• GREAT

great sensation at the time and remains of much value; W . H . See also:

• STILES, EZRA (1727–1795)

Stiles, Austria in 5848–1849 (2 vols., New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1852), by an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of events; M . ' Budinger Osterreichische Gesch. bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, vol. i. to A.D . 1055 (Leipzig, 1858) ; A .

See also:

• SPRINGER (Fr. rein)
• SPRINGER, ANTON HEINRICH (1825–1891)

Springer, Geschichte Osterreichs seit dem Wiener Frieden, 1809 (2 vols. to 1849; Leipzig, 1863-1865); A. von See also:

• ARNETH, ALFRED, RITTER

Arneth, Geschichte Maria Theresias (10 vols., Vienna, 1863–1879) ; the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Osterreichische Gesch . See also:

• PIE

Pie das See also:

• VOLK, LEONARD WELLS (1828-1895)

Volk; 17 vols., by various authors (Vienna, 1864, &c.), for which see See also:

• DAHLMANN, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1785-186o)

Dahlmann-See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz, p . 86; H . Bidermann, Gesch. der osterreichischen Gesamtstaatsidee, 1526–1804, parts i and 2 to 1740 (See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1867, 1887); J . A . Freiherr von Helfert, Gesch . Osterreichs vom Ausgange des Oktoberaufstandes, 1848, vols. i.;iv . (Leipzig and See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, 1869–'889); W . Rogge, Osterreich von Vilagos bis zur Gegenwart (3 vols., Leipzig and Vienna, 1872, 1873), and Osterreich seit der Katastrophe Hohenwart-Beust (Leipzig, 1879), written from a somewhat violent See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German standpoint; See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz X . Krones (See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter von Marchland), Handbuch der Gesch . Osterreichs (5 vols . See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1876–1879), with copious references, Gesch. der Neuzeit Osterreichs vom 18ten Jahrhundert bis auf See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Gegenwart (Berlin, 1879), from the German-liberal point of view, and Grundriss der osterreichischen Gesch .

(Vienna, 1882) ; See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry de See also:

• WORMS

Worms, The Austro-Hungarian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (London, 2nd ed., 1876); See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Asseline, FTistoire de l'Autriche debuis la mort de See also:

• MARIE

Marie Therese (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1877), sides with the Slays against Germans and See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars; Louis Leger, Hist. de l'Autriche- he could See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire five shots to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian's three, though the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery were less efficient . But the initial See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of Frederick's army was that it had, undisturbed by See also:

• WARS

wars, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the See also:

• STANDING

standing army theory to full effect . While the Austrians had to wait for drafts to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field forces, Prussian regiments could take the field at once, and thus Frederick was able to overrun Silesia almost unopposed . His army was concentrated quietly upon the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, and without See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war, on the 16th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1740, it crossed the frontier into Silesia . The Austrian generals could do no more than See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison a few fortresses, and with the small remnant of their available forces See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell back to the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain frontier of Bohemia and See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia . The Prussian army was soon able to go into See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter quarters, holding all Silesia and investing the strong places of See also:

• GLOGAU

Glogau, See also:

• BRIEG

Brieg and See also:

• NEISSE

Neisse . 2 . Silesian Campaign of 1741.—In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1741, the Austrians collected a field army under Count Neipperg (1684–1774) and made preparations to reconquer Silesia . The Austrians in Neisse and Brieg still held out . Glogau, however, was stormed on the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, the Prussians, under See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold (the younger) of See also:

• ANHALT

Anhalt-See also:

• DESSAU

Dessau, executing their task in one See also:

• HOUR

hour with a mathematical precision which excited universal admiration . But the Austrian army in Moravia was now in the field, and Frederick's cantonments were dispersed over all Upper Silesia . It was a work of the greatest difficulty to collect the army, for the ground was deep in See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, and before it was completed Neisse was relieved and the Prussians cut off from their own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country by the march of Neipperg from Neisse on Brieg; a few days of slow manoeuvring between these places ended in the battle of Mollwitz (loth See also:

• APRIL

April 1741), the first pitched battle fought by .

Frederick and his army . The Prussian right wing of cavalry was speedily routed, but the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was retrieved by the magnificent discipline and tenacity of the infantry . The Austrian cavalry was shattered in repeated attempts to ride them down, and before the Prussian volleys the Austrian infantry, in spite of all that Neipperg and his See also:

• OFFICERS

officers could do, gradually melted away . After a stubborn contest the Prussians remained masters of the field . Frederick himself was far away . He had fought in the cavalry melee, but after this, when the battle seemed lost, he had been persuaded by Field See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin to ride away . = Schwerin thus, like Marshal See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe at See also:

• FONTENOY

Fontenoy, remained behind to win the victory, and the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king narrowly escaped being captured by wandering Austrian hussars . The immediate result of the battle was that the king secured Brieg, and Neipperg fell back to Neisse, where he maintained himself and engaged in a war of manceuvre during the summer . But Europe realized suddenly that a new military power had arisen, and France sent Marshal Belleisle to Frederick's See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to negotiate an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . Thenceforward the " Silesian See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure " became the War of the Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession . The elector of Bavaria's candidature for the imperial dignity was to be sup-ported by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French "See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary" army, and other French forces were sent to observe See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . Saxony was already watched by a Prussian army under Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, the "old Dessauer," who had trained the Prussian army to its See also:

• PRESENT

present perfection .

The task of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden was to prevent See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia from attacking Prussia, but her troops were defeated, on the 3rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1741, at Wilmanstrand by a greatly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian army, and in 1742 another great See also:

• REVERSE

reverse was sustained in the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

Helsingfors . In central Italy an army of Neapolitans and Spaniards was collected for the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Milanese . 3 . The Allies in Bohemia.—The French duly joined the elector's forces on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube and advanced on Vienna; but the See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective was suddenly changed, and after many See also:

• COUNTER

counter-See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches the allies advanced, in three widely-separated See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, on Prague . A French corps moved via See also:

• AMBERG

Amberg and See also:

• PILSEN (Czech, Plzen)

Pilsen . The elector marched on See also:

• BUDWEIS (Czech Budejovice)

Budweis, and the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons (who had now joined the allies) invaded Bohemia by the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe valley . The Austrians could at first offer little resistance, but before long a considerable force intervened at See also:

• TABOR

Tabor between the Danube and the allies, and Neipperg was now on the march from Neisse tojoin in the campaign . He had made with Frederick the curious agreement of See also:

• KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD (1810–1876)

Klein Schnellendorf (9th See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1741), by which Neisse was surrendered after a See also:

• MOCK

mock See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, and the Austrians undertook to leave Frederick unmolested in return for his releasing Neipperg's army for service elsewhere . At the same time the Hungarians, moved to See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm. by the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• APPEAL

appeal of Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa, had put into the field a See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

levee en masse, or " insurrection," which furnished the See also:

• REGULAR

regular army with an invaluable force of See also:

• LIGHT

light troops . A fresh army was collected under Field Marshal Khevenhiiller at Vienna, and the Austrians planned an offensive winter campaign against the Franco-Bavarian forces in Bohemia and the small Bavarian army that remained on the Danube to defend the electorate . The French in the meantime had stormed Prague on the 26th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, the See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of Maria Theresa, who commanded the Austrians in Bohemia, moving too slowly to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the fortress . The elector of Bavaria, who now styled himself See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-duke of Austria, was crowned king of Bohemia (19th December 1741) and elected to the imperial See also:

• THRONE

throne as .

See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VII . (24th See also:

• JANUARY

January 1742), but no active See also:

• MEASURES

measures were undertaken . In Bohemia the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of December was occupied in See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere skirmishes . On the Danube, Khevenhiiller, the best general in the Austrian service, advanced on the 27th of December, swiftly drove back the allies, shut them up in See also:

• LINZ

Linz, and pressed on into Bavaria . See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich itself surrendered to the Austrians on the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation day of Charles VII . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of this first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the campaign the French, under the old Marshal de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie, maintained a See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious foothold in central Bohemia, menaced by the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main army of the Austrians, and See also:

• KHEVENHULLER, LUDWIG ANDREAS (1683-1744)

KhevenhUller was ranging unopposed in Bavaria, while Frederick, in pursuance of his See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret obligations, See also:

• LAY

lay inactive in Silesia . In Italy the allied Neapolitans and Spaniards had advanced towards See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, the duke of which See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had allied himself with them, but the vigilant Austrian See also:

• COMMANDER

commander Count See also:

• TRAUN, OTTO FERDINAND, COUNT VON ABENSPERG UND (1677-1748)

Traun had outmarched them, captured Modena, and forced the duke to make a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate peace . 4 . Campaign of 1742.—Frederick had hoped by the truce to secure Silesia, for which alone he was fighting . But with the successes of Khevenhiiller and the enthusiastic " insurrection " of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, Maria Theresa's opposition became firmer, and she divulged the provisions of the truce, in order to See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise Frederick with his allies . The war recommenced . Frederick had not rested on his laurels; in the uneventful summer campaign of 1741 he had found time to begin that reorganization of his cavalry which was before long to make it even more efficient than his infantry .

Charles VII., whose territories were overrun by the Austrians, asked him to create a diversion by invading Moravia . In December 1741, therefore, Schwerin had crossed the border and captured Olmiitz . See also:

• GLATZ (Slay. Kladsko)

Glatz also was invested, and the Prussian army was concentrated about Olmiiti in January 1742 . A combined See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of operations was made by the French, Saxons and Prussians for the See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue of Linz . But Linz soon fell; Broglie on the Moldau, weakened by the departure of the Bavarians to oppose Khevenhiiller, and of the Saxons to join forces with Frederick, was in no See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition to take the offensive, and large forces under Prince Charles of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine lay in his front from Budweis to See also:

• IGLAU (Czech Jihlava)

Iglau . Frederick's march was made towards Iglau in the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Briinn was invested about the same time (February), but the direction of the march was changed, and instead of moving against Prince Charles, Frederick pushed on southwards by See also:

• ZNAIM (Czech Znojmo)

Znaim and See also:

• NIKOLSBURG (Czech, Mikulov)

Nikolsburg . The extreme outposts of the Prussians appeared before Vienna . But Frederick's advance was a mere foray, and Prince Charles, leaving a See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen of troops in front of Broglie, marched to cut off the Prussians from Silesia, while the Hungarian levies poured into Upper Silesia by the Jablunka Pass . The Saxons, discontented and demoralized, soon marched off to their own country, and Frederick with his Prussians fell back by Zwittau and Leutomischl to See also:

• KUTTENBERG (Czech, Kutnd Hora)

Kuttenberg in Bohemia, where he was in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with Broglie on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and (Glatz having now surrendered) with Silesia on the other . No See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Olmiitz was attempted, and the small Prussian corps remaining in Moravia fell back towards Upper Silesia., Prince Charles, in pursuit of the king . marched by Iglau and Teutsch (See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

Deutsch) See also:

• BROD

Brod on Kuttenberg, and on the 17th of May was fought the battle of Chotusitz or Czaslau, in which after a severe struggle the king was victorious .

His cavalry on this occasion retrieved its previous failure, and its conduct gave an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest of its future See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory not only by its charges on the battlefield, but its vigorous pursuit of the defeated Austrians . Almost at the same time Broglie fell upon a See also:

• PART

part of the Austrians See also:

• LEFT

left on the Moldau and won a small, but morally and politically important, success in the See also:

• ACTION

action of Sahay, near Budweis (May 24, 1742) . Frederick did not propose another combined See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . His victory and that of Broglie disposed Maria Theresa to cede Silesia in order to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good her position elsewhere, and the separate peace between Prussia and Austria, signed at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau on the rrth of See also:

• JUNE

June, closed the First Silesian War . The War of the Austrian Succession continued . 5 . The French at Prague.—The return of Prince Charles, released by the peace of Breslau, put an end to Broglie's offensive . The prince pushed back the French posts everywhere, and his army converged upon Prague, where, towards the end of June 1742, the French were to all intents and purposes surrounded . Broglie had made the best resistance possible with his inferior forces, and still displayed great activity, but his position was one of great peril . The French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government realized at last that it had given its general inadequate forces . The French army on the See also:

• LOWER

lower Rhine, hitherto in observation of Hanover and other possibly hostile states, was hurried into See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia . Prince Charles at once raised the siege of Prague (September 14), called up Khevenhiiller with the greater part of the Austrian army on the Danube, and marched towards Amberg to meet the new opponent .

Marshal Maillebois (1682-1762), its commander, then manoeuvred from Amberg towards the See also:

• EGER (Czech, Cheb)
• EGER (Ger. Erlau, Med. Lat. Agria)
• EGER, AQIBA (1761–1837)

Eger valley, to gain touch with Broglie . Marshal Belleisle, the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of French affairs in Germany and a very capable general, had accompanied Broglie throughout, and it seems that Belleisle and Broglie believed that Maillebois' See also:

• MISSION

mission was to regain a permanent foothold for the army in Bohemia; Maillebois, on the contrary, conceived that his work was simply to disengage the army of Broglie from its dangerous position, and to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover its See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . His operations were no more than a demonstration, and had so little effect that Broglie was sent for in haste to take over the command from him, Belleisle at the same time taking over See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the army at Prague . Broglie's command was now on the Danube, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, and the imperial (chiefly Bavarian) army of Charles VII. under See also:

• SECKENDORF, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1673-1763)
• SECKENDORF, VEIT LUDWIG VON (1626-1692)

Seckendorf aided him to clear•Bavaria of the Austrians . This was effected with ease, for Khevenhtiller and most of his troops had gone to Bohemia . Prince Charles and Khevenhiiller now took See also:

• POST

post between Linz and See also:

• PASSAU

Passau, leaving a strong force to See also:

• DEAL

deal with Belleisle in Prague . This, under Prince Lobkowitz, was little superior in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers or quality to the troops under Belleisle, under whom served Saxe and the best of the younger French generals, but its light cavalry swept the country clear of See also:

• PRO

pro-visions . The French were quickly on the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of See also:

• STARVATION

starvation, winter had come, and the marshal resolved to retreat . On the night of the 16th of December 1742, the army left Prague to be defended by a small garrison under Chevert, and took the route of Eger . The retreat (December 16-26) was accounted a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of generalship, but the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather made it painful and costly . The brave Chevert displayed such confidence that the Austrians were glad to allow him freedom to join the main army . The cause of the new See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor was now sustained only in the valley of the Danube, where Broglie and Seckendorf opposed Prince Charles and Khevenhtiller, who were soon joined by the force lately opposing Belleisle .

In Italy, Traun held his own with ease against the Spaniards and Neapolitans . See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples was forced by a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron to withdraw her troops for See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home defence, and Spain, now too weak to advance in the Po valley, sent a second army to Italy via France . Sardinia had allied herself with Austria, and at the same time neither state was at war with France, and this led to curious complications, combats being fought in the See also:

• ISERE
• ISERE [anc. Isara]

Isere valley betweenthe troops of Sardinia and of Spain, in which the French took no part . 6 . The Campaign of 1743 opened disastrously for the emperor . The French and Bavarian armies were not working well together, and Broglie and Seckendorf had actually quarrelled . No connected resistance was offered to the converging march of Prince Charles's army along the Danube, Khevenhiiller from See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg towards See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Bavaria, and Prince Lobkowitz (1685–1755) from Bohemia towards the Naab . The Bavarians suffered a severe reverse near See also:

• BRAUNAU (Czech Broumov)

Braunau (May 9, 1743), and now an Anglo-allied army commanded by King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George II., which had been formed on the lower Rhine on the withdrawal of Maillebois, was advancing southward to the Main and See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar country . A French army, under Marshal See also:

• NOAILLES

Noailles, was being collected on the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle' Rhine to deal with this new force . But Broglie was now in full retreat, and the strong places of Bavaria surrendered one after the other to Prince Charles . The French and Bavarians had been driven almost to the Rhine when Noailles and the king came to battle . George, completely outmanoeuvred by his See also:

• VETERAN

veteran antagonist, was in a position of the greatest danger between Aschaffenhurg and See also:

• HANAU

Hanau in the See also:

• DEFILE

defile formed by the See also:

• SPESSART

Spessart Hills and the See also:

• RIVER

river Main .

Noailles blocked the outlet and had posts all around, but the allied troops. forced their way through and inflicted heavy losses on the French, and the battle of See also:

• DETTINGEN

Dettingen is justly reckoned as a notable victory of the British arms (June 27) . Both Broglie, who, worn out by See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and exertions, was soon replaced by Marshal Coigny (167o–1759), and Noailles were now on the strict defensive behind the Rhine . Not a single French soldier remained in Germany, and Prince Charles prepared to force the passage of the great river in the See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau while the king of England moved forward via See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz to co-operate by See also:

• DRAWING

drawing upon himself the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of both the French marshals . The Anglo-allied army took Worms, but after several unsuccessful attempts to See also:

• CROSS

cross, Prince Charles went into winter quartets . The king followed his example, drawing in his troops to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, to deal, if necessary, with the army which the French were See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting on the frontier of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . Austria, England, Holland and Sardinia were now allied . Saxony changed sides, and Sweden and Russia neutralized each other (peace of See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1743) . Frederick was still quiescent; France, Spain and Bavaria alone continued actively the struggle against Maria Theresa . In Italy, the Spaniards on the Panaro had achieved a Pyrrhic victory over Traun at Campo Santo (February 8, 1743), but the next six months were wasted in inaction, and Lobkowitz, joining Traun with reinforcements from Germany, drove back the enemy to See also:

• RIMINI

Rimini . The See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish-Piedmontese war in the See also:

• ALPS

Alps continued without much result, the only incident of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note being a combat at Casteldelfino won by the king of Sardinia in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . 7 . Campaign of 1744.—With 1744 began the Second Silesian War .

Frederick, disquieted by the universal success of the Austrian cause, secretly concluded a fresh alliance with Louis XV . France had posed hitherto as an auxiliary, her officers in Germany had worn the Bavarian See also:

• COCKADE (Fr. cocarde, in 16th century coquarde, from coq, in allusion probably to the cock's comb)

cockade, and only with England was she officially at war . She now declared war See also:

• DIRECT

direct upon Austria and Sardinia (April 1744) . A corps was assembled at See also:

• DUNKIRK
• DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)

Dunkirk to support the cause of the Pretender in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and Louis in person, with 9o,000 men, prepared to invade the Austrian See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, and took See also:

• MENIN (Flemish Meenen)

Menin and See also:

• YPRES (Flemish Yperen)

Ypres . His presumed opponent was the allied army previously under King George and now composed of English, Dutch, Germans and Austrians . On the Rhine, Coigny was to make head against Prince Charles, and a fresh army under the prince de See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

Conti was to assist the Spaniards in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont and See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy . This plan was, however, at once dislocated by the advance of Charles, who, assisted by the veteran Traun, skilfully manoeuvred his army over the Rhine near Philipsburg (See also:

• JULY

July r), captured the lines of See also:

• WEISSENBURG

Weissenburg, and cut off the French marshal from See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace . Coigny, however, cut his way through the enemy at Weissenburg and posted him-self near See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg . Louis XV. now abandoned the invasion of Flanders, and his army moved down to take a decisive part 42 in the war in Alsace and Lorraine . At the same time Frederick crossed the Austrian frontier (August) . The attention and resources of Austria were fully occupied, and the Prussians were almost unopposed . One See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column passed through Saxony, another through See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia, while a third advanced from Silesia .

Prague, the objective, was reached on the 2nd erf September . Six days later the Austrian garrison was compelled to surrender, and the Prussians advanced to Budwei.s . Maria Theresa once again See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the emergency, a new " insurrection" took the field in Hungary, and a corps of regulars was assembled to cover Vienna, while the diplomatists won over Saxony to the Austrian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . Prince Charles withdrew from Alsace, unmolested by the French, who had been thrown into confusion by the sudden and dangerous illness of Louis XV. at See also:

• METZ

Metz . Only Seckendorf with the Bavarians pursued him . No move was made by the French, and Frederick thus found himself after all isolated and exposed to the combined attack of the Austrians and Saxons . Marshal Traun, summoned from the Rhine, held the king in check in Bohemia, the Hungarian irregulars inflicted numerous minor reverses on the Prussians, and finally Prince Charles arrived with the main army . The campaign resembled that of 1742 ; the Prussian retreat was closely watched, and the rearguard pressed hard . Prague fell, and Frederick, completely outmanoeuvred by the See also:

• UNITED

united forces of Prince Charles and Traun, regained Silesia with heavy losses .. At the same time, the Austrians gained no foothold in Silesia. itself . On the Rhine, Louis, now recovered, had besieged and taken See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, after which the forces left in the north were reinforced and besieged the strong places of Flanders . There was also a slight war of manoeuvre on the middle Rhine .

In 1744 the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian war became for the first time serious . A grandiose plan of campaign was formed, and as usual the French and Spanish generals at the front were hampered. by the orders of their respective governments . The See also:

• OBJECT

object was to unite the army in See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine with that on the lower Po . The See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa was secured, and a road thereby obtained into central Italy . But Lobkowitz had already taken the offensive and driven back the Spanish army of Count de Gages towards the Neapolitan frontier . The king of Naples at this juncture was compelled to assist the Spaniards at all hazards . A combined army was formed at See also:

• VELLETRI (anc. Velitrae)

Velletri, and defeated Lobkowitz there on the 11th of August . The crisis past, Lobkowitz then went to Piedmont to assist the king against Conti, the king of Naples returned home, and de Gages followed the Austrians with a weak force . The war in the Alps and the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines was keenly contested . Villefranche and See also:

• MONTALBAN, JUAN PEREZ DE (1602–1638)

Montalban were stormed by Conti on the loth of April, a desperate fight took place at Peyre-Longue on the ,8th of July, and the king of Sardinia was defeated in a great battle at Madonna del Olmo (September 30) near Coni (See also:

• CUNEO (Fr. Coni)

Cuneo) . Conti did not, however, succeed in taking this fortress, and had to retire into Dauphine for his winter quarters . The two armies had, therefore, failed in their See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to combine, and the Austro-Sardinians still lay between them .

8 . Campaign of 1745.-The interest of the next campaign centres in the three greatest battles of the war—See also:

• HOHENFRIEDBERG, or HOHENFRIEDEBERG

Hohenfriedberg, Kesselsdorf and Fontenoy . The first event of the See also:

• YEAR

year was the Quadruple Alliance of .England, Austria, Holland and Saxony, concluded at See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw on the 8th of January . Twelve days previously, the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charles VII. submitted the imperial See also: