See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

WAR OF THE See also:

• AUSTRIAN

AUSTRIAN See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

SUCCESSION (1740-1'748)  . This See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war began with the invasion of See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 1740, and was ended by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1748 . After 1741 nearly all the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe were involved in the struggle, but the most enduring See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the war lies in the struggle of Prussia and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria for Silesia . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy were, as usual, the See also:

• BATTLE

battle-grounds of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Austria . The See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of France and Prussia were See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria; various other powers at intervals joined them . The cause of Austria was supported almost as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of course by See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, the traditional enemies of France . Of Austria's allies from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony were the most important . 1 . Frederick's Invasion of Silesia, 1740.—Prussia in 1740 was a small, compact and thoroughly organized See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, with an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 strong . The only See also:

• RECENT

recent war service of this army had been in the desultory See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1733–35 . It was therefore regarded as one of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor armies of Europe, and few thought that it could See also:

• RIVAL

rival the forces of Austria and France . But it was drilled to a perfection not hitherto attained, and the Prussian See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry soldier was so well trained and equipped that vertrdge (See also:

• BAND

Band G, 1526–1723, See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1903) .

2 . See also:

• WORKS

Works.—(a) See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General . See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

Archdeacon See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• COXE, HENRY OCTAVIUS (1811–1881)
• COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828)

Coxe's See also:

• HISTORY

History of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Austria, 1218–1792 (3 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1817), with its continuation by W . See also:

• KELLY, EDWARD (1854–188o)
• KELLY, HUGH (1739–1777)
• KELLY, MICHAEL (1762–1826)
• KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796–1880)

Kelly (London, 1853; new edition, 1873), remains the only general history of Austria in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . It has, of course, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been superseded as a result of the See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research indicated above . The amount of See also:

• WORK

work that has been devoted to this subject since Coxe's time will be seen from the following See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of books, which are given in the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of their publication:—J . See also:

• MAJLATH, JANOS, or JOHN, COUNT (1786-1855)

Majlath, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des osterreichischen Kaiserstaates (5 vols., See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, 1834–1850) ; See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count F. von See also:

• HARTIG, GEORG LUDWIG (1764-1837)

Hartig, See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis del' Revolution in Osterreich See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Jahre 1848 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1851; 3rd edition, enlarged, ib., 1851; translated as appendix to Coxe's House of Austria, ed . 1853), a work which created a See also:

• GREAT

great sensation at the time and remains of much value; W . H . See also:

• STILES, EZRA (1727–1795)

Stiles, Austria in 5848–1849 (2 vols., New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1852), by an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of events; M . ' Budinger Osterreichische Gesch. bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, vol. i. to A.D . 1055 (Leipzig, 1858) ; A .

See also:

• SPRINGER (Fr. rein)
• SPRINGER, ANTON HEINRICH (1825–1891)

Springer, Geschichte Osterreichs seit dem Wiener Frieden, 1809 (2 vols. to 1849; Leipzig, 1863-1865); A. von See also:

• ARNETH, ALFRED, RITTER

Arneth, Geschichte Maria Theresias (10 vols., Vienna, 1863–1879) ; the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Osterreichische Gesch . See also:

• PIE

Pie das See also:

• VOLK, LEONARD WELLS (1828-1895)

Volk; 17 vols., by various authors (Vienna, 1864, &c.), for which see See also:

• DAHLMANN, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1785-186o)

Dahlmann-See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz, p . 86; H . Bidermann, Gesch. der osterreichischen Gesamtstaatsidee, 1526–1804, parts i and 2 to 1740 (See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1867, 1887); J . A . Freiherr von Helfert, Gesch . Osterreichs vom Ausgange des Oktoberaufstandes, 1848, vols. i.;iv . (Leipzig and See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, 1869–'889); W . Rogge, Osterreich von Vilagos bis zur Gegenwart (3 vols., Leipzig and Vienna, 1872, 1873), and Osterreich seit der Katastrophe Hohenwart-Beust (Leipzig, 1879), written from a somewhat violent See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German standpoint; See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz X . Krones (See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter von Marchland), Handbuch der Gesch . Osterreichs (5 vols . See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1876–1879), with copious references, Gesch. der Neuzeit Osterreichs vom 18ten Jahrhundert bis auf See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Gegenwart (Berlin, 1879), from the German-liberal point of view, and Grundriss der osterreichischen Gesch .

(Vienna, 1882) ; See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry de See also:

• WORMS

Worms, The Austro-Hungarian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (London, 2nd ed., 1876); See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Asseline, FTistoire de l'Autriche debuis la mort de See also:

• MARIE

Marie Therese (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1877), sides with the Slays against Germans and See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars; Louis Leger, Hist. de l'Autriche- he could See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire five shots to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian's three, though the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery were less efficient . But the initial See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of Frederick's army was that it had, undisturbed by See also:

• WARS

wars, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the See also:

• STANDING

standing army theory to full effect . While the Austrians had to wait for drafts to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field forces, Prussian regiments could take the field at once, and thus Frederick was able to overrun Silesia almost unopposed . His army was concentrated quietly upon the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, and without See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war, on the 16th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1740, it crossed the frontier into Silesia . The Austrian generals could do no more than See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison a few fortresses, and with the small remnant of their available forces See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell back to the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain frontier of Bohemia and See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia . The Prussian army was soon able to go into See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter quarters, holding all Silesia and investing the strong places of See also:

• GLOGAU

Glogau, See also:

• BRIEG

Brieg and See also:

• NEISSE

Neisse . 2 . Silesian Campaign of 1741.—In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1741, the Austrians collected a field army under Count Neipperg (1684–1774) and made preparations to reconquer Silesia . The Austrians in Neisse and Brieg still held out . Glogau, however, was stormed on the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, the Prussians, under See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold (the younger) of See also:

• ANHALT

Anhalt-See also:

• DESSAU

Dessau, executing their task in one See also:

• HOUR

hour with a mathematical precision which excited universal admiration . But the Austrian army in Moravia was now in the field, and Frederick's cantonments were dispersed over all Upper Silesia . It was a work of the greatest difficulty to collect the army, for the ground was deep in See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, and before it was completed Neisse was relieved and the Prussians cut off from their own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country by the march of Neipperg from Neisse on Brieg; a few days of slow manoeuvring between these places ended in the battle of Mollwitz (loth See also:

• APRIL

April 1741), the first pitched battle fought by .

Frederick and his army . The Prussian right wing of cavalry was speedily routed, but the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was retrieved by the magnificent discipline and tenacity of the infantry . The Austrian cavalry was shattered in repeated attempts to ride them down, and before the Prussian volleys the Austrian infantry, in spite of all that Neipperg and his See also:

• OFFICERS

officers could do, gradually melted away . After a stubborn contest the Prussians remained masters of the field . Frederick himself was far away . He had fought in the cavalry melee, but after this, when the battle seemed lost, he had been persuaded by Field See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin to ride away . = Schwerin thus, like Marshal See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe at See also:

• FONTENOY

Fontenoy, remained behind to win the victory, and the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king narrowly escaped being captured by wandering Austrian hussars . The immediate result of the battle was that the king secured Brieg, and Neipperg fell back to Neisse, where he maintained himself and engaged in a war of manceuvre during the summer . But Europe realized suddenly that a new military power had arisen, and France sent Marshal Belleisle to Frederick's See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to negotiate an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . Thenceforward the " Silesian See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure " became the War of the Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession . The elector of Bavaria's candidature for the imperial dignity was to be sup-ported by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French "See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary" army, and other French forces were sent to observe See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . Saxony was already watched by a Prussian army under Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, the "old Dessauer," who had trained the Prussian army to its See also:

• PRESENT

present perfection .

The task of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden was to prevent See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia from attacking Prussia, but her troops were defeated, on the 3rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1741, at Wilmanstrand by a greatly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian army, and in 1742 another great See also:

• REVERSE

reverse was sustained in the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

Helsingfors . In central Italy an army of Neapolitans and Spaniards was collected for the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Milanese . 3 . The Allies in Bohemia.—The French duly joined the elector's forces on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube and advanced on Vienna; but the See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective was suddenly changed, and after many See also:

• COUNTER

counter-See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches the allies advanced, in three widely-separated See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, on Prague . A French corps moved via See also:

• AMBERG

Amberg and See also:

• PILSEN (Czech, Plzen)

Pilsen . The elector marched on See also:

• BUDWEIS (Czech Budejovice)

Budweis, and the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons (who had now joined the allies) invaded Bohemia by the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe valley . The Austrians could at first offer little resistance, but before long a considerable force intervened at See also:

• TABOR

Tabor between the Danube and the allies, and Neipperg was now on the march from Neisse tojoin in the campaign . He had made with Frederick the curious agreement of See also:

• KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD (1810–1876)

Klein Schnellendorf (9th See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1741), by which Neisse was surrendered after a See also:

• MOCK

mock See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, and the Austrians undertook to leave Frederick unmolested in return for his releasing Neipperg's army for service elsewhere . At the same time the Hungarians, moved to See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm. by the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• APPEAL

appeal of Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa, had put into the field a See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

levee en masse, or " insurrection," which furnished the See also:

• REGULAR

regular army with an invaluable force of See also:

• LIGHT

light troops . A fresh army was collected under Field Marshal Khevenhiiller at Vienna, and the Austrians planned an offensive winter campaign against the Franco-Bavarian forces in Bohemia and the small Bavarian army that remained on the Danube to defend the electorate . The French in the meantime had stormed Prague on the 26th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, the See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of Maria Theresa, who commanded the Austrians in Bohemia, moving too slowly to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the fortress . The elector of Bavaria, who now styled himself See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-duke of Austria, was crowned king of Bohemia (19th December 1741) and elected to the imperial See also:

• THRONE

throne as .

See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VII . (24th See also:

• JANUARY

January 1742), but no active See also:

• MEASURES

measures were undertaken . In Bohemia the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of December was occupied in See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere skirmishes . On the Danube, Khevenhiiller, the best general in the Austrian service, advanced on the 27th of December, swiftly drove back the allies, shut them up in See also:

• LINZ

Linz, and pressed on into Bavaria . See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich itself surrendered to the Austrians on the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation day of Charles VII . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of this first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the campaign the French, under the old Marshal de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie, maintained a See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious foothold in central Bohemia, menaced by the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main army of the Austrians, and See also:

• KHEVENHULLER, LUDWIG ANDREAS (1683-1744)

KhevenhUller was ranging unopposed in Bavaria, while Frederick, in pursuance of his See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret obligations, See also:

• LAY

lay inactive in Silesia . In Italy the allied Neapolitans and Spaniards had advanced towards See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, the duke of which See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had allied himself with them, but the vigilant Austrian See also:

• COMMANDER

commander Count See also:

• TRAUN, OTTO FERDINAND, COUNT VON ABENSPERG UND (1677-1748)

Traun had outmarched them, captured Modena, and forced the duke to make a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate peace . 4 . Campaign of 1742.—Frederick had hoped by the truce to secure Silesia, for which alone he was fighting . But with the successes of Khevenhiiller and the enthusiastic " insurrection " of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, Maria Theresa's opposition became firmer, and she divulged the provisions of the truce, in order to See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise Frederick with his allies . The war recommenced . Frederick had not rested on his laurels; in the uneventful summer campaign of 1741 he had found time to begin that reorganization of his cavalry which was before long to make it even more efficient than his infantry .

Charles VII., whose territories were overrun by the Austrians, asked him to create a diversion by invading Moravia . In December 1741, therefore, Schwerin had crossed the border and captured Olmiitz . See also:

• GLATZ (Slay. Kladsko)

Glatz also was invested, and the Prussian army was concentrated about Olmiiti in January 1742 . A combined See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of operations was made by the French, Saxons and Prussians for the See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue of Linz . But Linz soon fell; Broglie on the Moldau, weakened by the departure of the Bavarians to oppose Khevenhiiller, and of the Saxons to join forces with Frederick, was in no See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition to take the offensive, and large forces under Prince Charles of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine lay in his front from Budweis to See also:

• IGLAU (Czech Jihlava)

Iglau . Frederick's march was made towards Iglau in the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Briinn was invested about the same time (February), but the direction of the march was changed, and instead of moving against Prince Charles, Frederick pushed on southwards by See also:

• ZNAIM (Czech Znojmo)

Znaim and See also:

• NIKOLSBURG (Czech, Mikulov)

Nikolsburg . The extreme outposts of the Prussians appeared before Vienna . But Frederick's advance was a mere foray, and Prince Charles, leaving a See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen of troops in front of Broglie, marched to cut off the Prussians from Silesia, while the Hungarian levies poured into Upper Silesia by the Jablunka Pass . The Saxons, discontented and demoralized, soon marched off to their own country, and Frederick with his Prussians fell back by Zwittau and Leutomischl to See also:

• KUTTENBERG (Czech, Kutnd Hora)

Kuttenberg in Bohemia, where he was in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with Broglie on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and (Glatz having now surrendered) with Silesia on the other . No See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Olmiitz was attempted, and the small Prussian corps remaining in Moravia fell back towards Upper Silesia., Prince Charles, in pursuit of the king . marched by Iglau and Teutsch (See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

Deutsch) See also:

• BROD

Brod on Kuttenberg, and on the 17th of May was fought the battle of Chotusitz or Czaslau, in which after a severe struggle the king was victorious .

His cavalry on this occasion retrieved its previous failure, and its conduct gave an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest of its future See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory not only by its charges on the battlefield, but its vigorous pursuit of the defeated Austrians . Almost at the same time Broglie fell upon a See also:

• PART

part of the Austrians See also:

• LEFT

left on the Moldau and won a small, but morally and politically important, success in the See also:

• ACTION

action of Sahay, near Budweis (May 24, 1742) . Frederick did not propose another combined See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . His victory and that of Broglie disposed Maria Theresa to cede Silesia in order to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good her position elsewhere, and the separate peace between Prussia and Austria, signed at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau on the rrth of See also:

• JUNE

June, closed the First Silesian War . The War of the Austrian Succession continued . 5 . The French at Prague.—The return of Prince Charles, released by the peace of Breslau, put an end to Broglie's offensive . The prince pushed back the French posts everywhere, and his army converged upon Prague, where, towards the end of June 1742, the French were to all intents and purposes surrounded . Broglie had made the best resistance possible with his inferior forces, and still displayed great activity, but his position was one of great peril . The French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government realized at last that it had given its general inadequate forces . The French army on the See also:

• LOWER

lower Rhine, hitherto in observation of Hanover and other possibly hostile states, was hurried into See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia . Prince Charles at once raised the siege of Prague (September 14), called up Khevenhiiller with the greater part of the Austrian army on the Danube, and marched towards Amberg to meet the new opponent .

Marshal Maillebois (1682-1762), its commander, then manoeuvred from Amberg towards the See also:

• EGER (Czech, Cheb)
• EGER (Ger. Erlau, Med. Lat. Agria)
• EGER, AQIBA (1761–1837)

Eger valley, to gain touch with Broglie . Marshal Belleisle, the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of French affairs in Germany and a very capable general, had accompanied Broglie throughout, and it seems that Belleisle and Broglie believed that Maillebois' See also:

• MISSION

mission was to regain a permanent foothold for the army in Bohemia; Maillebois, on the contrary, conceived that his work was simply to disengage the army of Broglie from its dangerous position, and to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover its See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . His operations were no more than a demonstration, and had so little effect that Broglie was sent for in haste to take over the command from him, Belleisle at the same time taking over See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the army at Prague . Broglie's command was now on the Danube, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, and the imperial (chiefly Bavarian) army of Charles VII. under See also:

• SECKENDORF, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1673-1763)
• SECKENDORF, VEIT LUDWIG VON (1626-1692)

Seckendorf aided him to clear•Bavaria of the Austrians . This was effected with ease, for Khevenhtiller and most of his troops had gone to Bohemia . Prince Charles and Khevenhiiller now took See also:

• POST

post between Linz and See also:

• PASSAU

Passau, leaving a strong force to See also:

• DEAL

deal with Belleisle in Prague . This, under Prince Lobkowitz, was little superior in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers or quality to the troops under Belleisle, under whom served Saxe and the best of the younger French generals, but its light cavalry swept the country clear of See also:

• PRO

pro-visions . The French were quickly on the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of See also:

• STARVATION

starvation, winter had come, and the marshal resolved to retreat . On the night of the 16th of December 1742, the army left Prague to be defended by a small garrison under Chevert, and took the route of Eger . The retreat (December 16-26) was accounted a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of generalship, but the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather made it painful and costly . The brave Chevert displayed such confidence that the Austrians were glad to allow him freedom to join the main army . The cause of the new See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor was now sustained only in the valley of the Danube, where Broglie and Seckendorf opposed Prince Charles and Khevenhtiller, who were soon joined by the force lately opposing Belleisle .

In Italy, Traun held his own with ease against the Spaniards and Neapolitans . See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples was forced by a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron to withdraw her troops for See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home defence, and Spain, now too weak to advance in the Po valley, sent a second army to Italy via France . Sardinia had allied herself with Austria, and at the same time neither state was at war with France, and this led to curious complications, combats being fought in the See also:

• ISERE
• ISERE [anc. Isara]

Isere valley betweenthe troops of Sardinia and of Spain, in which the French took no part . 6 . The Campaign of 1743 opened disastrously for the emperor . The French and Bavarian armies were not working well together, and Broglie and Seckendorf had actually quarrelled . No connected resistance was offered to the converging march of Prince Charles's army along the Danube, Khevenhiiller from See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg towards See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Bavaria, and Prince Lobkowitz (1685–1755) from Bohemia towards the Naab . The Bavarians suffered a severe reverse near See also:

• BRAUNAU (Czech Broumov)

Braunau (May 9, 1743), and now an Anglo-allied army commanded by King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George II., which had been formed on the lower Rhine on the withdrawal of Maillebois, was advancing southward to the Main and See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar country . A French army, under Marshal See also:

• NOAILLES

Noailles, was being collected on the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle' Rhine to deal with this new force . But Broglie was now in full retreat, and the strong places of Bavaria surrendered one after the other to Prince Charles . The French and Bavarians had been driven almost to the Rhine when Noailles and the king came to battle . George, completely outmanoeuvred by his See also:

• VETERAN

veteran antagonist, was in a position of the greatest danger between Aschaffenhurg and See also:

• HANAU

Hanau in the See also:

• DEFILE

defile formed by the See also:

• SPESSART

Spessart Hills and the See also:

• RIVER

river Main .

Noailles blocked the outlet and had posts all around, but the allied troops. forced their way through and inflicted heavy losses on the French, and the battle of See also:

• DETTINGEN

Dettingen is justly reckoned as a notable victory of the British arms (June 27) . Both Broglie, who, worn out by See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and exertions, was soon replaced by Marshal Coigny (167o–1759), and Noailles were now on the strict defensive behind the Rhine . Not a single French soldier remained in Germany, and Prince Charles prepared to force the passage of the great river in the See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau while the king of England moved forward via See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz to co-operate by See also:

• DRAWING

drawing upon himself the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of both the French marshals . The Anglo-allied army took Worms, but after several unsuccessful attempts to See also:

• CROSS

cross, Prince Charles went into winter quartets . The king followed his example, drawing in his troops to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, to deal, if necessary, with the army which the French were See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting on the frontier of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . Austria, England, Holland and Sardinia were now allied . Saxony changed sides, and Sweden and Russia neutralized each other (peace of See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1743) . Frederick was still quiescent; France, Spain and Bavaria alone continued actively the struggle against Maria Theresa . In Italy, the Spaniards on the Panaro had achieved a Pyrrhic victory over Traun at Campo Santo (February 8, 1743), but the next six months were wasted in inaction, and Lobkowitz, joining Traun with reinforcements from Germany, drove back the enemy to See also:

• RIMINI

Rimini . The See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish-Piedmontese war in the See also:

• ALPS

Alps continued without much result, the only incident of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note being a combat at Casteldelfino won by the king of Sardinia in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . 7 . Campaign of 1744.—With 1744 began the Second Silesian War .

Frederick, disquieted by the universal success of the Austrian cause, secretly concluded a fresh alliance with Louis XV . France had posed hitherto as an auxiliary, her officers in Germany had worn the Bavarian See also:

• COCKADE (Fr. cocarde, in 16th century coquarde, from coq, in allusion probably to the cock's comb)

cockade, and only with England was she officially at war . She now declared war See also:

• DIRECT

direct upon Austria and Sardinia (April 1744) . A corps was assembled at See also:

• DUNKIRK
• DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)

Dunkirk to support the cause of the Pretender in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and Louis in person, with 9o,000 men, prepared to invade the Austrian See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, and took See also:

• MENIN (Flemish Meenen)

Menin and See also:

• YPRES (Flemish Yperen)

Ypres . His presumed opponent was the allied army previously under King George and now composed of English, Dutch, Germans and Austrians . On the Rhine, Coigny was to make head against Prince Charles, and a fresh army under the prince de See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

Conti was to assist the Spaniards in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont and See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy . This plan was, however, at once dislocated by the advance of Charles, who, assisted by the veteran Traun, skilfully manoeuvred his army over the Rhine near Philipsburg (See also:

• JULY

July r), captured the lines of See also:

• WEISSENBURG

Weissenburg, and cut off the French marshal from See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace . Coigny, however, cut his way through the enemy at Weissenburg and posted him-self near See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg . Louis XV. now abandoned the invasion of Flanders, and his army moved down to take a decisive part 42 in the war in Alsace and Lorraine . At the same time Frederick crossed the Austrian frontier (August) . The attention and resources of Austria were fully occupied, and the Prussians were almost unopposed . One See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column passed through Saxony, another through See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia, while a third advanced from Silesia .

Prague, the objective, was reached on the 2nd erf September . Six days later the Austrian garrison was compelled to surrender, and the Prussians advanced to Budwei.s . Maria Theresa once again See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the emergency, a new " insurrection" took the field in Hungary, and a corps of regulars was assembled to cover Vienna, while the diplomatists won over Saxony to the Austrian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . Prince Charles withdrew from Alsace, unmolested by the French, who had been thrown into confusion by the sudden and dangerous illness of Louis XV. at See also:

• METZ

Metz . Only Seckendorf with the Bavarians pursued him . No move was made by the French, and Frederick thus found himself after all isolated and exposed to the combined attack of the Austrians and Saxons . Marshal Traun, summoned from the Rhine, held the king in check in Bohemia, the Hungarian irregulars inflicted numerous minor reverses on the Prussians, and finally Prince Charles arrived with the main army . The campaign resembled that of 1742 ; the Prussian retreat was closely watched, and the rearguard pressed hard . Prague fell, and Frederick, completely outmanoeuvred by the See also:

• UNITED

united forces of Prince Charles and Traun, regained Silesia with heavy losses .. At the same time, the Austrians gained no foothold in Silesia. itself . On the Rhine, Louis, now recovered, had besieged and taken See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, after which the forces left in the north were reinforced and besieged the strong places of Flanders . There was also a slight war of manoeuvre on the middle Rhine .

In 1744 the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian war became for the first time serious . A grandiose plan of campaign was formed, and as usual the French and Spanish generals at the front were hampered. by the orders of their respective governments . The See also:

• OBJECT

object was to unite the army in See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine with that on the lower Po . The See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa was secured, and a road thereby obtained into central Italy . But Lobkowitz had already taken the offensive and driven back the Spanish army of Count de Gages towards the Neapolitan frontier . The king of Naples at this juncture was compelled to assist the Spaniards at all hazards . A combined army was formed at See also:

• VELLETRI (anc. Velitrae)

Velletri, and defeated Lobkowitz there on the 11th of August . The crisis past, Lobkowitz then went to Piedmont to assist the king against Conti, the king of Naples returned home, and de Gages followed the Austrians with a weak force . The war in the Alps and the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines was keenly contested . Villefranche and See also:

• MONTALBAN, JUAN PEREZ DE (1602–1638)

Montalban were stormed by Conti on the loth of April, a desperate fight took place at Peyre-Longue on the ,8th of July, and the king of Sardinia was defeated in a great battle at Madonna del Olmo (September 30) near Coni (See also:

• CUNEO (Fr. Coni)

Cuneo) . Conti did not, however, succeed in taking this fortress, and had to retire into Dauphine for his winter quarters . The two armies had, therefore, failed in their See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to combine, and the Austro-Sardinians still lay between them .

8 . Campaign of 1745.-The interest of the next campaign centres in the three greatest battles of the war—See also:

• HOHENFRIEDBERG, or HOHENFRIEDEBERG

Hohenfriedberg, Kesselsdorf and Fontenoy . The first event of the See also:

• YEAR

year was the Quadruple Alliance of .England, Austria, Holland and Saxony, concluded at See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw on the 8th of January . Twelve days previously, the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charles VII. submitted the imperial See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to a new See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, and his successor in Bavaria was not a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate . The Bavarian army was again unfortunate; caught in its scattered winter quarters (action of Amberg, January 7)., it was driven from point to point, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young elector had to abandon Munich once more . The peace of Fiissen followed on the 22nd of April, by which he secured; his hereditary states on condition of supporting the candidature, of the grand-duke Francis, consort of Maria Theresa . The "imperial " army ceased ipso facto to exist, and Frederick was again isolated . No help was to be expected from France, whose efforts this year were centred on the Flanders campaign . In effect, on the loth of May, before Frederick took the field, Louis XV. and Saxe had besieged Tournay, and inflicted upon the relieving army ofthe duke of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland the. great defeat of Fontenoy (q.v.) . In Silesia the customary small war had been going on for some time, and the concentration of the Prussian army was not effected without severe fighting . At the end of May, Frederick, with about 65,000 men, lay in the camp of See also:

• FRANKENSTEIN

Frankenstein, between Glatz and Neisse, while behind the See also:

• RIESENGEBIRGE (Bohemian Krkonose)

Riesengebirge about See also:

• LANDSHUT

Landshut Prince Charles had 85,000 Austrians and Saxons . On the 4th of June was fought the battle of Hohenfriedberg (q.v.) or See also:

• STRIEGAU

Striegau, the greatest victory as yet of Frederick's career, and, of all his battles, excelled perhaps by See also:

• LEUTHEN

Leuthen and See also:

• ROSSBACH

Rossbach only .

Prince Charles suffered a complete defeat and withdrew through the mountains as he had come . Frederick's pursuit was methodical, for. the country was difficult and barren, and he did not know the extent to which the enemy was demoralized . The manoeuvres of both leaders on the upper Elbe occupied all the summer, while the political questions of the imperial election and of .an understanding between Prussia and England were pending . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief efforts of Austria were directed towards the valleys of the Main and See also:

• LAHN

Lahn and See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, where the French and Austrian armies manoeuvred for a position from which to overawe the electoral See also:

• BODY

body . Marshal Traun was successful, and the grand-duke became the emperor Francis I. on the 13th of September . Frederick agreed with England to recognize the election a few days later, but Maria Theresa would not conform to the treaty of Breslau without a further appeal to the See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of war . Saxony joined in this last attempt . A new advance of Prince Charles quickly brought on the battle of Seer, fought on ground destined to be famous in the war of 1866 . Frederick was at first in a position of great peril, but his army changed front in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the advancing enemy and by its boldness and tenacity won a remarkable victory (September 30) . But the campaign was not ended . An Austrian contingent from the Main joined the Saxons under Marshal Rutowski, and a combined movement was made in the direction of Berlin by Rutowski from Saxony and Prince Charles from Bohemia . The danger. was very great .

Frederick hurried up his forces from Silesia and marched as rapidly as possible on See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, winning the actions of Katholisch-Hennersdorf (November 24) and See also:

• GORLITZ

Gorlitz . (November 25) . Prince Charles was thereby forced back, and now a second Prussian army under the old Dessauer advanced up the Elbe from See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg to meet Rutowski . The latter took up a strong position at Kesselsdorf between See also:

• MEISSEN

Meissen and Dresden, but the veteran Leopold attacked him directly and without hesitation (December 14) . The Saxons and their allies were completely routed after a hard struggle, and Maria Theresa at last gave way . In the peace of Dresden (December,25) Frederick recognized the imperial election, and retained Silesia, as at the peace of Breslau . 9 . Operations in Italy, 1745-1747.—The campaign in Italy this year was also no mere war of posts . In March 1745 a secret treaty allied the Genoese See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic with France, Spain and Naples .. A See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the command of the Austrians favoured the first move of the allies . De Gages moved from Modena. towards See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca, the French and Spaniards in the Alps under Marshal Maillebois advanced through the See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera to the Tanaro, and in the middle of July the two armies were at last concentrated between the Scrivia and the Tanaro, to the unusally large number of 8o,000 . A See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift march ' on See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the Austrian commander thither, and in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence the allies fell upon and completely defeated the Sardinians at Bassignano (September 27), a victory which was quickly followed by the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria, Valenza and Casale .

See also:

• JOMINI, ANTOINE HENRI, BARON (1779-1869)

Jomini calls the concentration of forces which effected the victory " le plus remarquable de toute la guerre." But the complicated politics of Italy brought it about that Maillebois was ultimately unable to turn his victory to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . Indeed, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 746, . Austrian troops, freed by the peace with Frederick, passed through See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol into Italy; the Franco-Spanish winter quarters were -brusquely attacked, and a French garrison of 6000 men at See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti was forced to capitulate . At the same time Count See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne with an Austrian corps struck at the allies on the lower Pp, and cut off their communication with the main body in Piedmont . A series of minor actions thus completely destroyed the great concentration . The allies separated, Maillebois covering See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria, the Spaniards marching against Browne . The latter was promptly and heavily reinforced, and all that, the Spaniards could do was to entrench themselves at Piacenza; the Spanish See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

Infant as supreme commander calling up Maillebois to his aid . The French, skilfully conducted and marching rapidly, joined forces once more, but their situation was See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical, for only two marches behind them the army of the king of Sardinia was in pursuit, and before them lay the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal army of the Austrians . The pitched battle of Piacenza (June 16) was hard fought, and Maillebois had nearly achieved a victory when orders from the Infant compelled him to retire . That the army escaped at all was in the highest degree creditable to Maillebois and to his son and chief of See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, under whose leadership it eluded both the Austrians and the Sardinians, defeated an Austrian corps in the battle of Rottofreddo (August x 2), and made good its retreat on Genoa . It was, however, a mere remnant of the allied army which returned, and the Austrians were soon masters of north Italy, including Genoa (September) . But they met with no success in their forays towards the Alps .

Soon Genoa revolted from the oppressive See also:

• RULE

rule of the victors, rose and drove out the Austrians (December 5-1r), and the French, now commanded by Belleisle, took the offensive (1747) . Genoa held out against a second Austrian siege, and after the plan of campaign had as usual been referred to Paris and See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, it was relieved, though a_picked corps of the French army under the See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

chevalier de Belleisle, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the marshal, was defeated in the almost impossible attempt (July 19) to See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm the en-trenched pass of Exiles (See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col di Assietta), the chevalier, and with him the elite of the French See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, being killed at the barricades . Before the steady advance of Marshal Belleisle the Austrians retired into Lombardy, and a desultory campaign was waged up to the conclusion of peace . In North See also:

• AMERICA

America the most remarkable incident of what has been called " King George's War " was the capture of the French See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian fortress of See also:

• LOUISBURG

Louisburg by a British expedition (April 29-June 16, 1745), of which the military portion was furnished by the colonial See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia under See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel (afterwards See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant-General See also:

• SIR

Sir William) Pepperell (1696-1759) of See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine . Louisburg was then regarded merely as a See also:

• NEST

nest of privateers, and at the peace it was given up, but in the Seven Years' War it came within the domain of grand See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy, and its second capture was the preliminary step to the British conquest of See also:

• CANADA

Canada . For the war in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, see INDIA: History . to . Later See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

Campaigns.—The last three campaigns of the war in the Netherlands were illustrated by the now fully developed See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of Marshal Saxe . After Fontenoy the French carried all before them . The withdrawal of most of the English to aid in suppressing the 'See also:

• FORTY

Forty-Five See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion at home left their allies in a helpless position . In 1746 the Dutch and the Austrians were driven back towards the See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse, and most of the important fortresses were taken by the French . The battle of Roucoux (or See also:

• RAUCOURT, MLLE (1756–1815)

Raucourt) near See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege, fought on the i ith of October between the allies under Prince Charles of Lorraine and the French under Saxe, resulted in a victory for the latter .

Holland itself was now in danger, and when in April 1747 Saxe's army, which had now conquered the Austrian Netherlands up to the Meuse, turned its attention to the United Provinces, the old fortresses on the frontier offered but slight resistance . The prince of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange and the duke of Cumberland underwent a severe defeat at Lauffeld (Lawfeld, &c., also called Val) on the 2nd of July 1747, and Saxe, after his victory, promptly and secretly despatched a corps under (Marshal) Lowendahl to besiege Bergenop-Zoom . On the 18th of September See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen-op-Zoom was stormed by the French, and in the last year of the war Maestricht, attacked by the entire forces of Saxe and LSwendahl, surrendered on the 7th of May 1748 . A large Russian army arrived on the Me1}se to join the allies, but too See also:

• LATE

late to be of use . The See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel of Russia and Sweden had been settled by the peace of Abo in 1743, and in 1746 Russia had allied herself with Austria . Eventually a large army marched from See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow to the Rhine, an event SUCCESSION 4S which was not without military significance, and in a manner preluded the great invasions of 1813-1814 and 1815 . The general peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) was signed on the 18th of October 1748 . 11 . General See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

Character of the War.—Little need be said of the military features of the war . The intervention of Prussia as a military power was indeed a striking phenomenon, but her triumph was in a great measure due to her See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller application of principles of See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics and discipline universally recognized though less universally enforced . The other powers reorganized their forces after the war, not so much on the Prussian See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model as on the basis of a stricter application of known general principles . Prussia, moreover, was far ahead of all the other See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental powers in See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and over Austria, in particular, her advantage in this matter was almost decisive of the struggle .

Added to this was the personal ascendancy of Frederick, not yet a great general, but energetic and resolute, and, further, opposed to generals who were responsible for their men to their individual sovereigns . These advantages have been decisive in many wars, almost in all . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special feature of the war of 1 740 to 1748, and of other wars of the time, is the extraordinary disparity between the end and the means . The political schemes to be executed by the French and other armies were as grandiose as any of See also:

• MODERN

modern times; their See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, under the then conditions of time and space, invariably fell See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of expectation, and the history of the war proves, as that of the Seven Years' War was to prove, that the small standing army of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century could conquer by degrees, but could not deliver a decisive See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow . Frederick alone, with a definite end and proportionate means wherewith to achieve it, succeeded completely . The French, in spite of their later victories, obtained so little of what they fought for that' Parisians could say to each other, when they met in the streets, " You are as stupid as the Peace." And if, when fighting for their own hand, the governments of Europe could so fail of their purpose, even less was to be expected when the armies were composed of allied contingents, sent to the war each for a different object . The allied See also:

• NATIONAL

national armies of 1813 co-operated loyally, for they had much at stake and worked for a See also:

• COMMON

common object; those of 1741 represented the divergent private interests of the several dynasties, and achieved nothing . BIBLroGRAPnY.—Besides general works on Frederick's See also:

• LIFE

life and reign, of which See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, Preuss and v . Taysen are of particular importance, and Frederick's own works, see the Prussian See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official Die I. and H. schlesischen Kriege (Berlin, 189o-1895): Austrian official Kriege der Kaiserin Maria Theresia; Gesch. des Osten .. Erbfolgekrieges (Vienna, from 1895) ; Jomini, Traite des See also:

• GRANDEE (Span. Grande)

grandee operations militaires, introduction to vol. i . (Paris, 4th edition, 1851) ; C. von B.-K., Geist and Stogy' im Kriege (Vienna, 1895); v . Arneth, Maria Teresias ersten Regierungsjahre 1863) ; v .

Schoning, Die erste Jahre der Regierung Friedrichs des Grossen; Bernhardi, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich der See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse als Feldherr (Berlin, 188,); v . See also:

• CANITZ, FRIEDRICH RUDOLF LUDWIG, FREIHERR VON (1654–1699)

Canitz, Nachrichten, &c., fiber die Taten and Schicksale der Reiterei, &c . (Berlin, 1861) ; Grunhagen, Gesch. des I. schlesischen Krieges (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1881-1882) ; Orlich, Gesch. der schlesischen Kriege; Deroy, Beitrage zur Gesch. des osterr . Erbfolgekrieges (Munich, 1883); Crousse, La Guerre de la succession dans See also:

• LES

les provinces belgiques (Paris, 1885) ; Dunker, Militarische, &c., Aktenstficke zur Gesch. des I. schles . Krieges; Militar-Wochenblatt supplements 1875, 1877, 1878, 1883, 1891, 1901, &c . (Berlin); Mitteilungen des k.k . Kriegsarchivs, from 1887 (Vienna) ; Baumgart, Die Litteratur, &c., fiber Friedrich d . Gr . (Berlin, 1886) ; See also:

• FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (c. 1394-c. 1476)
• FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (c. 1531-1607)

Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. ii . ; F . H . Skrine, Fontenoy and the War of the Austrian Succession (London, 1906) ; Francis See also:

• PARKMAN, FRANCIS (1823-1893)

Parkman, A See also:

• HALF

Half-Century of Conflict (1892) .

(C . F . A.) See also:

• NAVAL

Naval Operations . The naval operations of this war were languid and confused . They are complicated by the fact that they were entangled with the Spanish war, which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in 1739 in consequence of the long disputes between England and Spain over their conflicting claims in America . Until the closing years they were conducted with small intelligence or spirit . The Spanish government was nerveless, and sacrificed its true interest to the See also:

• FAMILY

family ambition of the king See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V., who wished to establish his younger sons as ruling princes in Italy . French administration was corrupt, and the government was chiefly concerned in its political interests in Germany . The British See also:

• NAVY

navy was at its lowest point of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and efficiency after the long administration of Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole . Therefore, although the war contained passages of vigour, it was neither interesting nor decisive on the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . War on Spain was declared by Great Britain on the 23rd of October 1739 . It was universally believed that the Spanish colonies would fall at once before attack .

A plan was laid for combined operations against them from east and west . One force, military and naval, was to See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault them from the West Indies under See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• VERNON
• VERNON, EDWARD (1684-1757)

Vernon . Another, to be commanded by See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore George See also:

• ANSON, GEORGE ANSON, BARON (1697-1762)

Anson, afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Anson, was to See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Cape See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn and to fall upon the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Delays, See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad preparations, dockyard corruption, and the unpatriotic squabbles of the naval and military officers concerned caused the failure of a hopeful See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . On the 21st of November 1739 Admiral Vernon did indeed succeed in capturing the See also:

• ILL

ill-defended Spanish See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• PORTO

Porto See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

Bello (in the present republic of See also:

• PANAMA

Panama)—a trifling success to boast of . But he did nothing to prevent the Spanish convoys from reaching Europe . The Spanish privateers cruised with destructive effect against British See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, both in the West Indies and in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . When Vernon had been joined by Sir See also:

• CHALONER, SIR THOMAS (1521-1565)

Chaloner Ogle with naval reinforcements and a strong body of troops, an attack was made on See also:

• CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena in what is now See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia (March 9–April 24, 1741) . The delay had given the Spanish admiral, See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Blas de Leso, time to prepare, and the siege failed with a dreadful loss of life to the assailants . Want of success was largely due to the incompetence of the military officers and the brutal insolence of the admiral . The war in the West Indies, after two other unsuccessful attacks had been made on Spanish territory, died down and did not revive till 1748 . The expedition under Anson sailed late, was very ill provided, and less strong than had been intended .

It consisted of six See also:

• SHIPS

ships and left England on the 18th of September 1740 . Anson returned alone with his See also:

• FLAGSHIP

flagship the " See also:

• CENTURION (Lat. centuria)

Centurion " on the 15th of June 1744 . The other vessels had either failed to round the Horn or had been lost . But Anson had harried the coast of See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and had captured a Spanish galleon of immense value near the Philippines . His cruise was a great feat of See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution and endurance . While Anson was pursuing his voyage round the See also:

• WORLD

world, Spain was mainly See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent on the Italian policy of the king . A squadron was fitted out at See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz to convey troops to Italy . It was watched by the British admiral See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• HADDOCK (Gadus aeglefinus)

Haddock . When the blockading squadron was forced off by want of provisions, the Spanish admiral Don Jose See also:

• NAVARRO, PEDRO (c. 1460-1528)

Navarro put to sea . He was followed, but when the British force came in sight of him Navarro had been joined by a French squadron under M. de See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court (December 1741) . The French admiral announced that he would support the Spaniards if they were attacked and Haddock retired . France and Great Britain were not yet openly at war, but both were engaged in the struggle in Germany—Great Britain as the ally of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa; France as the supporter of the Bavarian claimant of the empire .

Navarro and M. de Court went on to See also:

• TOULON

Toulon, where they remained till February 1744 . A British See also:

• FLEET

fleet watched them, under the command of admiral See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Lestock, till Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• MATHEWS, CHARLES (1776-1835)
• MATHEWS, THOMAS (1676-1751)

Mathews was sent out as commander-in-chief, and as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the court of See also:

• TURIN

Turin . Partial manifestations of hostility between the French and British took place in different seas, but avowed war did not begin till the French government issued its declaration of the 3oth of March, to which Great Britain replied on the 31st . This formality had been preceded by French preparations for the invasion of England, and by a collision between the allies and Mathews in the Mediterranean (see TOULON, BATTLE OF) . On the 11th of February a most confused battle was fought, in which the See also:

• VAN

van and centre of the British fleet was engaged with the See also:

• REAR

rear and centre of the allies . Lestock, who was on the worst possible terms with his superior, took no part in the action . He endeavoured to excuse himself by alleging that the orders of Mathews were contradictory . Mathews, a See also:

• PUZZLE

puzzle-headed and hot-tempered See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, fought with spirit but in a disorderly way, breaking the formation of his fleet, and showing no power of direction . The mismanagement of the British fleet in the battle,by arousing deep anger among the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, led to a drastic reform of the British navy which See also:

• BORE

bore its first fruits before the war ended . The French invasion scheme was arranged in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with the Jacobite leaders, and soldiers were to be transported from Dunkirk . But though the British government showed itself wholly wanting in foresight, the plan broke down . In February 1744, a French fleet of twenty See also:

• SAIL

sail of the line entered the Channel under Jacques Aymar, See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Roquefeuil, before the British force under admiral See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• NORRIS
• NORRIS, FRANK (1870—1902)
• NORRIS, HENRY NORRIS
• NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711)
• NORRIS, SIR JOHN (c. 1547-1597)
• NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1847– )

Norris was ready to oppose him .

But the French force was ill equipped, the admiral was See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous, his mind dwelt on all the misfortunes which might possibly happen, and the weather was bad . M. de Roquefeuil came up almost as far as the See also:

• DOWNS

Downs, where he learnt that Sir John Norris was at hand with twenty-five sail of the line, and thereupon precipitately retreated . The military expedition prepared at Dunkirk to cross under cover of Roquefeuil's fleet naturally did not start . The utter weakness of the French at sea, due to long neglect of the fleet and the bankrupt state of'the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, was shown during the Jacobite rising of 1745, when France made no attempt to profit by the See also:

• DISTRESS

distress of the British government . The Dutch having by this time joined Great Britain, made a serious addition to the naval power opposed to France, though Holland was compelled by the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for maintaining an army in Flanders to See also:

• PLAY

play a very subordinate part at sea . Not being stimulated by formidable attack, and having immediate interests both at home and in Germany, the British government was slow to make use of its latest naval strength . Spain, which could do nothing of an offensive character, was almost neglected . During 1745 the New England expedition which took Louisburg (April 3o–June 16) was covered by a British naval force, but the operations were in a general way sporadic, subordinated to the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• CONVOY

convoy, or to unimportant particular ends . In the East Indies, See also:

• MAHE

Mahe de la Bourdonnais made a vigorous use of a small squadron to which no effectual resistance was offered by the British naval forces . He captured See also:

• MADRAS

Madras (July 24–September 9, 1746), a set-off for Louisburg, for which it was exchanged at the close of the war . In the same year a British combined naval and military expedition to the coast of France—the first of a long series of similar ventures which in the end were derided as " breaking windows with guineas "—was carried out during August and October . The aim was the capture of the French East India See also:

• COMPANY

company's dockyard at L'Orient, but it was not attained .

From 1747 till the close of the war in October 1748 the naval policy of the British government, without reaching a high level, was yet more energetic and coherent . A closer See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch was kept on the French coast, and effectual means were taken to intercept communication between France and her See also:

• AMERICAN

American possessions . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information was obtained that an important convoy for the East and West Indies was to sail from L'Orient . In the previous year the British government had allowed a French expedition under M. d'See also:

• ANVILLE, JEAN

Anville to fail mainly by its own weakness . In 1747 a more creditable line was taken . An overwhelming force was employed under the command of Anson to intercept the convoy in the Channel . It was met, crushed and captured, or driven back, on the 3rd of May . On the 14th of October another French convoy, protected by a strong squadron, was intercepted by a well-appointed and well-directed squadron of superior numbers—the squadrons were respectively eight French and fourteen British—in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BISCAY (Vizcaya)
• BISCAY, BAY OF (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne; Sp. Golfo de Vizcaya)

Biscay . The •French admiral Desherbiers de l'Etenduere made a very gallant resistance, and the See also:

• FINE

fine quality of his ships enabled him to counteract to some extent the superior numbers of Sir Edward See also:

• HAWKE
• HAWKE, EDWARD HAWKE, BARON (1705-1781)

Hawke, the British admiral . While the war-ships were engaged, the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant vessels, with the small See also:

• PROTECTION

protection which Desherbiers could spare them, continued on their way to the West Indies . Most of them were, however, intercepted and captured in those waters . This disaster convinced the French government of its helplessness at sea, and it made no further effort .

The last naval operations took place in the West Indies, where the Spaniards, who had for a time been treated as a negligible quantity, were attacked on the coast of See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba by a British squadron under Sir Charles See also:

• KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN (1784-1862)
• KNOWLES, SIR JAMES (1831-1908)

Knowles . They had a naval force under Admiral Regio at See also:

• HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, San Cristobal de la Habana)

Havana . Each side was at once anxious to cover its own trade, and to intercept that of the other . Capture was rendered particularly desirable to the British by the fact that the Spanish homeward-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound convoy would be laden with the See also:

• BULLION

bullion sent from the American mines . In the course of the movement of each to protect its trade, the two squadrons met on the 1st of October 1748 in the Bahama Channel . The action was indecisive when compared with the successes of British fleets in later 'days, but the advantage lay with Sir Charles Knowles . He was prevented from following it up by the speedy See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of the See also:

• NEWS

news that peace had been made in Europe by the powers, who were all in various degrees exhausted . That it was arranged on the terms of a mutual restoration of conquests shows that none of the combatants could claim to have established a final superiority . The conquests of the French in the Bay of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, and their military successes in Flanders, enabled them to treat on equal terms, and nothing had been taken from Spain . The war was remarkable for the prominence of privateering on both sides . It was carried on by the Spaniards in the West Indies with great success, and actively at home . The French were no less active in all seas .

Mahe de la Bourdonnais's attack on Madras partook largely of the nature of a privateering venture . The British retaliated with vigour . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of captures by French and Spanish corsairs was in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability larger than the list of British—partly for the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason given by See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, namely, that more British merchants were taken because there were many more British merchant ships to take, but partly also because the British government had not yet begun to enforce the use of convoy so strictly as it did in later times . See Beatson's Naval and Military See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs (London, 1804) ; La Marine militaire de la France sous le regne de Louis X V, by G . Lacour-Gayet (Paris, 1902) ; The Royal Navy, by Sir W . L . Clowes and others (London, 1891, &c.) . (D .