UPPER See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• UPPER AUSTRIA (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

AUSTRIA (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der See also:

• ENNS

Enns, " Austria above the See also:

• RIVER

river Enns ")  , an archduchy and See also:

• CROWN

crown-See also:

• LAND

land of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, bounded N. by Bohemia, W. by See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, S. by See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg and See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria, and E. by See also:

• LOWER

Lower Austria . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of 4631 sq. m . Upper Austria is divided by the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube into two unequal parts . Its smaller See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part is a prolongation of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the Bohemian See also:

• FOREST

forest and contains as culminating points the Plocklstein(4S10 ft.) and the Sternsteim (3690 ft.) . The southern part belongs to the region of the Eastern See also:

• ALPS

Alps, containing the See also:

• SALZKAMMERGUT

Salzkammergut and Upper See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Alps, which are found principally in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Salzkammergut (q.v.) . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of these mountains, stretching towards the Danube, is the Alpine foothill region, composed partly of terraces and partly of swelling undulations, of which the most important is the Hausruckwald . This is a wooded See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of mountains, with many branches, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• COAL

coal and culminating in the Goblberg (2950 ft.) . Upper Austria belongs to the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of the Danube, which flows through it from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and receives here on the right the See also:

• INN

Inn with the Salzach, the See also:

• TRAUN, OTTO FERDINAND, COUNT VON ABENSPERG UND (1677-1748)

Traun, the See also:

• ENNS

Enns with the See also:

• STEYR, or STEIER

Steyr and on its See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• GREAT

Great and Little MVluhl See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . The See also:

• SCHWARZENBERG
• SCHWARZENBERG, KARL PHILIPP, PRINCE ZU (1771-1820)

Schwarzenberg See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal between the Great Muhl and the Moldau establishes a See also:

• DIRECT

direct navigable route between the Danube and the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Upper Austria, which varies according to the See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude, is on the whole moderate; it is somewhat severe in the north, but is mild in Salzkammergut . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the duchy in 1900 was 809,918, which is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to 174.8 inhabitants per sq. m . It has the greatest See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of population of any of the Alpine provinces .

The inhabitants are almost exclusively of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German stock and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics . For administrative purposes, Upper Austria is divided into two autonomous municipalities, See also:

• LINZ

Linz (58,778) the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and Steyr (17,592) and 12 districts . Other See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns are Weis (12,187), Ischl (9646) and See also:

• GMUNDEN

Gmunden (7126) . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIET

diet, of which the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Linz is a member ex officio, is composed of 50 members and the duchy sends 22 members to the Reichsrat at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . The See also:

• SOIL

soil in the valleys and on the lower slopes of the hills is fertile, indeed 35•o8 % of the whole area is arable . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture is well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and relatively large quantities of the principal cereals are produced . Upper Austria has the largest proportion of meadows in all Austria, 18.54%, while 2.49% is See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland and Alpine pasturage . Of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods occupy 34.02 %, gardens 1.99 % and 4.93 % is unproductive . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle-breeding is also in a very advanced See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage and together with the See also:

• TIMBER

timber-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade forms a considerable resource of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . The principal See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Upper Austria is See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, of which it extracts nearly 50% of the See also:

• TOTAL

total Austrian See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . Other important products are See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite, See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum and a variety of valuable stones and See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays . There are about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty mineral springs, the best known being the salt See also:

• BATHS

baths of Ischl and the See also:

• IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters at See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall .

The principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal manufactures, chiefly centred at Steyr . Next in importance are the See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine, See also:

• LINEN

linen, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper manufactures, the milling, See also:

• BREWING

brewing and distilling industries and See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding . The principal articles of export are salt, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, timber, live-stock, woollen and iron wares and paper . See Edlbacher, Landeskunde von Oberosterreich (Linz, 2nd ed., 1883); Vansca, op. cit. in the preceding See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . AUSTRIA-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

HUNGARY, or the AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

MONARCHY (Ger . Osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie or Osterreichischungarisches Reich), the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official name of a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country situated in central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, bounded E. by See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania, S. by Rumania, See also:

• SERVIA

Servia, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and See also:

• MONTENEGRO

Montenegro, W. by the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, See also:

• LIECHTENSTEIN

Liechtenstein, and the German See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and N. by the German Empire and Russia . It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m . The monarchy consists of two See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent states: the kingdoms and lands represented in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the empire (Reichsral), unofficially called Austria (q.v.) or Cisleithania; and the " lands of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's Crown," unofficially called Hungary (q.v.) or Transleithania . It received its actual name by the diploma of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph I. of the 14th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1868, replacing the name of the Austrian Empire under which the dominions under his See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre were formerly known . The Austro-Hungarian monarchy is very often called unofficially the Dual Monarchy . It had in Igor a population of 45,405,267 inhabitants, comprising therefore within its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, about one-eighth of the total population of Europe . By the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Treaty of 1878 the principalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina with an area of 19,702 sq. m., and a population (1895) of 1,591,036 inhabitants, owning Turkey as suzerain, were placed under the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Austria-Hungary, and their See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation in 1908 was recognized by the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers in 1909, so that they became part of the dominions of the monarchy .

See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.---The See also:

• PRESENT

present constitution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (see AUSTRIA) is based on the Pragmatic See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

Sanction of the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VI., first promulgated on the 19th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1713, whereby the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne is settled in the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, descending by right of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture and lineal succession to male heirs, and, in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of their extinction, to the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• LINE

line, and whereby the indissolubility and indivisibility of the monarchy are determined; is based, further, on the diploma of the emperor Francis Joseph I, of the loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 186o; whereby the constitutional See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of government is introduced; and, lastly, on the so-called Ausgleich or "See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

Compromise," concluded on the 8th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1867, whereby the relations between Austria and Hungary were regulated . The two See also:

• SEPARATE

separate states—Austria and Hungary—are completely independent of each other, and each has its own See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament and its own government . The unity of the monarchy is expressed in the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, who bears the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Emperor of Austria and Apostolic See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King of Hungary,. and. in the common administration of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of affairs, which affect both halves of the Dual Monarchy . These are: (r) See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs, including See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic and consular See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation abroad; (2) the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, including the See also:

• NAVY

navy, but excluding the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual voting of recruits, and the See also:

• SPECIAL

special army of each state; (3) See also:

• FINANCE

finance in so far as it concerns See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure . For the administration of these common affairs there are three joint ministries: the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of foreign affairs and of the imperial and royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, the ministry of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and the ministry of finance . It must be noted that the authority of the joint ministers is restricted to common affairs, and that they are not allowed to direct or exercise any See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on affairs of government affecting separately one of the halves of the monarchy: The See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of foreign affairs conducts the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international relations of the Dual Monarchy, and can conclude international See also:

• TREATIES

treaties . But commercial treaties, and such state treaties as impose burdens on the state, or parts of the state, or involve a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of territory, require the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary assent of both states . The minister of war is the head for the administration of all military affairs, except those of the Austrian See also:

• LANDWEHR

Landwehr and of the Hungarian Honveds, which are committed to the ministries for See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the two respective states . But the supreme command of the army is vested in the monarch, who has the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to take all See also:

• MEASURES

measures regarding the whole army . It follows, therefore, that the total armed power of the Dual Monarchy forms a whole under the supreme command of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . The minister of finance has See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the finances of 'common affairs, prepares the joint See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget, and administers the 'joint state See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt . (Till 1909 the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were also administered by the joint minister of finance, excepting matters exclusively dependent on the minister of war.) For the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the common finances, there is appointed a joint supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of accounts, which audits the accounts of the joint ministries .

Budget.-See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side by side with the budget of each state of the Dual Monarchy, there is a common budget, which comprises the expenditure necessary for the common affairs, namely for the conduct of foreign affairs, for the army, and for the ministry of finance . The revenues of the joint budget consist of the revenues of the joint ministries, the See also:

• NET

net proceeds of the customs, and the See also:

• QUOTA

quota, or the proportional contributions of the two states . This quota is fixed fora See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of years, and generally coincides with the duration of the customs and commercial treaty . Until 1897 Austria contributed 70 %, and Hungary 30 % of the joint expenditure, remaining after-See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction of the common See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . It was then decided that from 1897 to See also:

• JULY

July 1907 the quota should be 66$ for Austria, and 33A for Hungary . In 1907 Hungary's contribution was raised to 36.4 % . Of the total charges 2 % is first of all debited to Hungary on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation with this state of the former military frontier . The Budget estimates for the common administration were as follows in 1905:- Revenue- - The following table gives in thousands See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling the joint budget for the years 1875-1905:- Debt.-Besides the debts of each state of the Dual Monarchy, there is a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general debt, which is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne jointly by Austria and Hungary . The following table gives in millions sterling the amount of the general debt for the years 1875-1905:- 1875 . 1885 . 1895 . 1900 .

190.5 . 232.41 231.02 229.67 226.81 224.31 Delegations.-The constitutional right of voting See also:

• MONEY

money applicable to the common affairs and of its See also:

• POLITICAL

political control is exercised by the Delegations, which consist each of sixty members, chosen for one See also:

• YEAR

year, one-third of them by the Austrian Herrenhaus (Upper House) and the Hungarian Table of Magnates (Upper House), and two-thirds of them by the Austrian and the Hungarian Houses of Representatives . The delegations are annually summoned by the monarch alternately to Vienna and to See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest . Each delegation has its separate sittings, both alike public . Their decisions are reciprocally communicated in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, and, in case of non-agreement, their deliberations are renewed . Should three such interchanges be made without agreement, a common plenary sitting is held of an equal number of both delegations; and these collectively, without discussion, decide the question by common See also:

• VOTE

vote . The common decisions of both houses require for their validity the sanction of the monarch . Each delegation has the right to formulate resolutions independently, and to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to account and arraign the common ministers . In the exercise of their See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office the members of both delegations are irresponsible, enjoying constitutional See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity . Army.-The military See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy is similar in both states, and rests since 1868 upon the principle of the universal and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of the See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms . Its military 'force is composed of the common army (K. and K.); the special armies, namely the Austrian (K.K.) Landwehr, and the Hungarian Honveds, which are separate national institutions, and the Landsturne or See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy-inmass . As stated above, the common army stands under the administration of the joint minister of war, while the special armies are under the administration of the respective ministries of national defence .

The yearly contingent of recruits for the army is fixed by the military bills voted by the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments, and is generally determined on the basis of the population, according to the last See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census returns . It amounted in 1905 to 103,100 men, of which Austria furnished 59,211 men, and Hungary 43,889 . Besides 10,000 men are annually allotted to the Austrian Landwehr, and 12,500 to the Hungarian Honveds . The See also:

• TERM

term of service is 2 years (3 years in the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry) with the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, 7 or 8 in the reserve and 2 in the Landwehr; in the case of men not drafted to the active army the same total period of service is spent in various special reserves . For the military and administrative service of the army the Dual Monarchy is divided into 16 military territorial districts (15 of which correspond to the 15 army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps) and 108 supplementary districts (105 for the army, and 3 for the navy) . In 1902, since which year no material change was made in the formal organization of the army, there were 5 cavalry divisions and 31in- fantry divisions, formed in 15 army corps, which are located as follows:: I . See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, II . Vienna, III . See also:

• GRAZ [GRATZ]

Graz, IV . Budapest, V . See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press- See also:

• BURG

burg, VI . Kaschau, VII .

See also:

• TEMESVAR

Temesvar, VIII . See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, IX . Josefstadt, X . See also:

• PRZEMYSL

Przemysl, XI . See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg, XII . Herrmannstadt, XIII . See also:

• AGRAM (Hungarian Zagreb, Croatian Zagreb)

Agram, there is the military district of See also:

• ZARA (Serbo-Croatian Zadar)

Zara . The usual strength of the corps is, 2 See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry divi- sions (4 brigades, 8 or 9 regiments, 32 or 36 battalions), 1 cavalry See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade (18 squadrons), and 1 See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery brigade (16-18 batteries or 128-144 See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-guns), besides technical and departmental See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units and in some cases fortress artillery regiments . The infantry is organized into line regiments, See also:

• JAGER, GUSTAV (1832– )

Jager and Tirolese regi- ments, the cavalry into dragoons, lancers, Uhlans and hussars, the artillery into regi- ments . The Austrian Landwehr (which re- tains the old designation K.K., formerly Ministry of Foreign Affairs 421,167 Ministry of War 305,907 Ministry of Finance . 4,870 See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Control 18 The Customs 4,780,000 Proportional contributions . . 15,650,448 Total 20,762,410 Expenditure- Ministry of Foreign Affairs £485,480 Ministry of War: Army .

12,679,160 Navy . 2,306,100 Ministry of Finance 177,000 Board of Control 13,250 Extraordinary Military Expenditure 4,785,500 Extraordinary Military Expenditure in Bosnia 315,920 Total . . 420,762,410 Expenditure . 1875 . 1885 . 1895 . 1900 . 1905 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs 396 3'68.7 333 433'4 493'8 Ministry of War (Army and 9005.4 10,085 12,539 13,887.5 18,o87.7 Navy) Ministry of Finance 154.2 167.2 170.4 175 177.1 Supreme Court of Accounts . 10.5 io-6 10.7 12.5 13.3 Total 9566.1 10,631.5 13,053.1 14,508.4 20,430.3 Revenue . For the above Departments 432 258.2 260.7 260.3 331.9 Customs . . .

. 997.4 402.2 4476 5202.3 4799.7 Proportional Contributions . 8136.7 9971.1 8316.4 9045.8 15,650.4 Total 9566 . 1 10,631.5 13,053.1 14,508.4 _se 20,430.3 applied to the Austrian See also:

• REGULAR

regular army) is organized in 8 divisions of varying strength, the " Royal Hungarian " Landwehr or Honveds in 7 divisions, both Austrian and Hungarian Landwehr having in addition cavalry (Uhlans and hussars) and artillery . It is probable that a Landwehr or Honveds See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division will, in war, form part of each army corps except in the case of the Vienna corps, which has 3 divisions in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . The relnainingg men of military See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (up to 42) as usual form the See also:

• LANDSTURM

Landsturm . It is to be noted that this Land-'See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

sturm comprises many men who would elsewhere be classed as Landwehr . The strength of the Austro-Hungarian army on a peace footing was as follows in 1905:- See also:

• OFFICERS

Officers . Men . Horses . Guns . Infantry- to,8oi 187,604 1,152 Common Army . . .

Austrian Landwehr . . 1,883 23,905 174 • • Hungarian Honveds 2,258 21,149 262 Cavalry- 1,890 45,486 40,740 • • Common Army . . Austrian Landwehr . 170 1,861 1,282 Hungarian Honveds 390 4,170 3,510 Field Artillery . . . 1,630 27,612 14,520 1048 Fortress Artillery . . . 408 7,722 131 Technical troops 588 9,935 19 (Pioneers, and Railway and 461 4,312 3,097 • • See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Telegraph See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

Regiment) Transport Service . . Sanitary Service . 85 3,062 . . Total . . .

20,564 336,818 64,887 1048 Belonging to the 15,863 285,733 59,659 1048 Common Army . . . Austrian Landwehr . . 2,053 25,766 1,456 . . Hungarian Honveds 2,648 25,319 3,772 The troops stationed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1905 (376 officers and 6372 men) are included in the total for the common army . The peace strength of the active army in combatants is thus about 350,000 officers and men, inclusive of the two Landwehrs and of the Austrian " K.K." See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, the Hungarian crown guards, the See also:

• GENDARMERIE

gendarmerie, &c . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the Landsturm and the war strength of the whole armed forces are not published . It is estimated that the first line army in war would consist of 460,000 infantry, 49,000 cavalry, 78,000 artillery, 21,000 See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, &c., beside See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train and non-combatant soldiers . The Landwehr and Honved would yield 219,000 infantry and 18,000 cavalry, and other reserves 223,000 mien . These figures give an approximate total strength of 1,147,000, not inclusive of Landsturm . Fortifications.-The principal fortifications in Austria-Hungary are: Cracow and Przemysl in See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia; See also:

• KOMAROM (Ger., Komorn)

Komarom, the centre of the inland fortifications, Petervarad, 6-See also:

• ARAD

Arad and Temesvar in Hungary ; Serajewo, See also:

• MOSTAR

Mostar and Bilek in Bosnia-Herzegovina . The Alpine frontiers, especially those in See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol, have numerous fortifications, whose centre is formed by See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent and Franzensfeste; while all the military roads leading into See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia have been provided with strong defensive See also:

• WORKS

works, as at Malborgeth, Predil Pass, &c .

The two capitals, Vienna and Budapest, are not fortified . On the Adriatic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, the See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• POLA (Gr. Hart or Haas; Slovene, Pulj)

Pola is strongly fortified with sea and land defences; then come See also:

• TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste, and several places in See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, notably Zara and See also:

• CATTARO (Serbo-Croatian Kotor)

Cattaro . Navy.-The Austro-Hungarian navy is mainly a coast defence force, and includes also a flotilla of monitors for the Danube . It is administered by the naval See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the ministry of war . It consisted in 1905 of 9 See also:

• MODERN

modern battleships, 3 armoured cruisers, 5 cruisers, 4 See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo gunboats, 20 destroyers and 26 torpedo boats . There was in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a naval See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme to build 12 armourclads, 5 second-class cruisers, 6 third-class cruisers, and a number of torpedo boats . The headquarters of the See also:

• FLEET

fleet are at Pola, which is the principal naval See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal and harbour of Austria; while another great naval station is Trieste . Trade.-On the basis of the customs and commercial agreement between Austria and Hungary, concluded in 1867 and renewable every ten years, the following affairs, in addition to the common affairs of the monarchy, are in both states treated according to the same principles: Commercial affairs, including customs legislation; legislation on the duties closely connected with See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial production -on See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• BRANDY

brandy, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and mineral See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils; determination of legal See also:

• TENDER

tender and coinage, as also of the principles regulating the Austro-Hungarian See also:

• BANK

Bank; ordinances in respect of such See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways as affect the interests of both states . In conformity with the customs and commercial compact between the two states, renewed in 1899, the monarchy constitutes one identical customs and commercial territory, inclusive of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the principality of Liechtenstein . The foreign trade of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy is shown in the following table: Value in Millions Sterling . Articles . 1900 .

1901 . 1902 . 1903 . 1904 . Raw material (including 41.5 40.5 41.8 45.9 51.9 articles of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food; raw material for agriculture and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry ; and See also:

• MINING

mining 9.6 9.6 Io•3 io•6 10.8 and smelting products) Semi-manufactured goods . Manufactured goods . . . 19.5 18.7 19.5 21.6 22.5 Exports . Value in Millions Sterling . Articles . 1900 .. 1901 .

1902 . 1903 . 1904 . Raw material (as above) . 34'1 34.1 35'8 39 35.3 Semi-manufactured goods . 12.6 I 1.1 11.1 12.4 12.6 Manufactured goods . . . 34.2 33.3 32'8 37.2 38.3 The most important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of derivation and of destination for the Austro-Hungarian trade is the German empire with about 40 % of the imports, and about 6o % of the exports . Next in importance comes Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, afterwards See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, Italy, the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, Russia, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Switzerland, Rumania, the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan states and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America in about the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order named . The principal articles of import are cotton and cotton goods, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and woollen goods, See also:

• SILK

silk and silk goods, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and metals . The principal articles of export are See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, sugar, cattle, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and glassware, iron and iron-See also:

• WARE

ware, eggs, cereals, millinery, See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy goods, earthenware and pottery, and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather goods . The Austro-Hungarian Bank.-Common to the two states of the monarchy is the " Austro-Hungarian Bank," which possesses a legal exclusive right to the issue of bank-notes .

It was founded in 1816, and had the title of the Austrian National Bank until 1878, when it received its actual name . In virtue of the new bank See also:

• STATUTE

statute of the year 1899 the bank is a joint-stock See also:

• COMPANY

company, with. a stock of £8,780,000 . The bank's notes of issue must be covered to the extent of two-fifths by legal specie (See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and current See also:

• SILVER

silver) in reserve; the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the paper circulation, according to bank usage . The state, under certain conditions, takes a portion of the clear profits of the bank . The management of the bank and the supervision exercised over it by the state are established on a footing of equality, both states having each the same influence . The accounts of the bank at the end of 1900 were as follows: capital, £8,750,000; reserve fund, £428,250; See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note circulation, £62,251,000; See also:

• CASH

cash, £50,754,000 . In 1907 the reserve fund was £548,041; note circulation, £84,501,000; cash,-s£bo,o36,625 . The See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of the bank, which expired in 1897, was renewed until the end of 1910 . In the Hungarian ministerial crisis of 1909 the question of the renewal of the charter played a conspicuous part, the more extreme members of the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence party demanding the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of separate See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks for Austria and Hungary with, at most, common superintendence (see See also:

• HISTORY

History, below) . (O . BR.) HISTORY I . The ,Whole Monarchy .

The empire of Austria, as the official designation of the territories ruled by the Habsburg monarchy, See also:

• DATES

dates back only to 1804, when Francis II., the last of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman The title emperors, proclaimed himself emperor of Austria as Emperor Francis I . His See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive in doing so was to guard °t against the great house of Habsburg being relegated arstrla.° to a position inferior to the parvenus Bonapartes, in the event of the final collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, or of the possible See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon as his own successor on the throne of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne . The title emperor of Austria, then, replaced that of " Imperator Romanorum See also:

• SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803–1879)

semper See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus " when the Holy Empire came to an end in 18o6 . From the first, however, it was no more than a title, which represented but See also:

• ILL

ill the actual relation of the Habsburg sovereigns to their several states . Year . Imports . Exports . 1900 £70,666,000 £80,916,000 1901 68,833,000 78,541,000 1902 71,666,000 79,708,000 1903 78,200,000 88,600,000 1904 85,200,000 86,200,000 1905 89,430,000 93,500,000 See also:

• MIN

min The See also:

• FOIL

foil g tables give the foreign trade of the Austro-H ungarian monarchy as regards raw material and manufactured goods: Imports . See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars and Slays never willingly recognized a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style which ignored their national rights and implied the superiority of the German elements of the monarchy; to the Germans it was a poor substitute for a title which had represented the political unity of the German See also:

• RACE

race under the Holy Empire . For See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the Vienna See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of 1814—1815 the "Kaiser "as such exercised a powerful influence over the imaginations of the German See also:

• PEOPLE

people outside the Habsburg dominions; but this was because the title was still surrounded with its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HALO

halo and the essential change was not at once recognized . The outcome of the long struggle with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA