AUTOMATISM  . In philosophical terminology this word is used in two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main senses: (1) in See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics, for the view that See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is not responsible for his actions, which have, therefore, no moral value; (2) in See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology, for all actions which are not the result of See also:

• CONATION (from Lat. conari, to attempt, strive)

conation or conscious endeavour . Certain actions being admittedly automatic, See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes maintained that, in regard of the See also:

• LOWER

lower animals, all See also:

• ACTION

action is purely See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical . The same theory has since been applied to man, with this difference that, accompanying the mechanical phenomena of action, and entirely disconnected with it, are the phenomena of consciousness . Thus certain See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical changes in the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain result in a given action; the concomitant See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• DESIRE

desire or volition is in no sense causally connected with, or See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to, the physical See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . This theory, which has been maintained by T . See also:

• HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley (See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science and Culture) and Shadworth See also:

• HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON (1800-1894)

Hodgson (Metaphysic of Experience and Theory of Practice), must be distinguished from that of the psychophysical See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism, or the " See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double aspect theory " according to which both the mental See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and the physical phenomena result from a so-called " mind stuff," or single substance, the material or cause of both . Automatic acts are of two main kinds . Where the action goes on while the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is focused on entirely different subjects (e.g. in See also:

• CYCLING

cycling), it is purely automatic . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, if the attention is fixed on the end or on any particular See also:

• PART

part of a given action, and the other component parts of the action are performed unconsciously, the automatism may be called relative . See G . F .

Stout, Anal . Psych. i . 258 See also:

• FOIL

foil . ; Wm . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, Princ. of Psych. i. See also:

• CHAP

chap . 5; also the articles PSYCHOLOGY, See also:

• SUGGESTION

SUGGESTION, &c . Sensory Automatism is the See also:

• TERM

term given by students of psychical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research to a centrally initiated See also:

• HALLUCINATION (from Lat. alucinari or allucinari, to wander in mind, Gr. a.)^i resty or hXvecv, from an, wandering)

hallucination . Such hallucinations are commonly provoked by crystal-gazing (q.v.), but auditory hallucinations may be caused by the use of a See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell (shell-See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing), and the other senses are occasionally affected . Motor Automatism, on the other hand, is a non-reflex See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of a voluntary muscle, executed in the waking state but not controlled by the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary waking consciousness . Phenomena of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind See also:

• PLAY

play a large part in See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive ceremonies of See also:

• DIVINATION
• DIVINATION, OMEN, ASTROLOGY

divination (q.v.) and in our own See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day furnish much of the material of Psychical Research . At the lowest level we have vague movements of large See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of muscles, as in " bier-divination," where the murderer or his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence is inferred from the actions of the bearers; of a similar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character but combined with more specialized action are many kinds of See also:

• WITCH

witch seeking . These more specialized actions are most typically seen in the See also:

• DIVINING

Divining See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

Rod (q.v.; see also TABLE-TURNING), which indicates the presence of See also:

• WATER

water and is used among the uncivilized to trace criminals .

At a higher See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage still we have the delicate movements necessary for Automatic See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

Writing (q.v.) or See also:

• DRAWING

Drawing . A parallel See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case to Automatic Writing is the action of the speech centres, resulting in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of all kinds of utterances from See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance speeches in the ordinary See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker to See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere unintelligible babblings . An interesting See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of speech automatism is known as Glossolalia; in the typical case of Helene See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Th . Flournoy has shown that these utterances may reach a higher See also:

• PLANE

plane andform a real Ianguage, which is, however, based on one already known to the speaker . See Man (1904), No . 68 ; See also:

• FOLKLORE

Folklore, xiii . 134; See also:

• MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901)

Myers in Proc . S.P.R. ix . 26, xii . 277, xv . 403; Flournoy, See also:

• DES

Des lades d la planete See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars and in See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch. de Psychologie; Myers, Human See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

Personality . (N .

W .