RICHARD HEINRICH

See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG

See also:

• RICHARD HEINRICH LUDWIG AVENARIUS (1843-1896)

AVENARIUS (1843-1896)  , German philosopher, was born in Paris on the 19th of November 1843 . His education, begun in Zurich and Berlin, was completed at the university of Leipzig, where he - graduated in 1876 . In 1877 he became professor of philosophy in Zurich, where he died on the 18th of August 1896 . At Leipzig he was one of the founders of the A kademisch-philosophische Verein, and was the first editor of the Vierteljahrsschrift fur wissenschaftliche Philosophie . In 1868 he published an essay on the Pantheism of Spinoza . His chief works are Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemass dem Princip des hleinsten Kraftmasses (1876) and the Kritik der reinen Erfahrung (1888-18go) . In these works he made an attempt to co-ordinate thought and action . Like Mach, he started from the principle of economy of thinking, and in the Kritik endeavoured to explain pure experience in relation to knowledge and environment . He discovers that statements dependent upon environment constitute pure experience . This philosophy, called Empirio-criticism, is not, however, a realistic but an idealistic dualism, nor can it be called materialism . See Wundt, Philos . Stud. xiii .

(1897) ; Carstanjen and Willy in Zeitsch. f. wiss . Philos. xx . (1896), 3611 ff . ; xx . 57 ff . ; xxii . 53 ff.; J . Petzoldt's,Einfiihrung in d .