See also:

• AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)

AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad See also:

• IBN

ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)  , Arabian philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova . His See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life was occupied in mastering the curriculum of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, under the approved teachers of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The years of his See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell during the 'last See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• RULE

rule in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain under the See also:

• ALMOHADES (properly Muwahhadis, i.e. " Unitarians," the name being corrupted through the Spanish)

Almohades (q.v.) . It was See also:

• IBN

Ibn-Tufail (Abubacer), the philosophic See also:

• VIZIER

vizier of Yusef, who introduced See also:

• AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)

Averroes to that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, and See also:

• AVENZOAR, or ABUMERON [Abu Merwan 'Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr]

Avenzoar (Ibn-Zuhr), the greatest of Moslem physicians, was his friend . Averroes, who was versed in the Malekite See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, was made See also:

• CADI (g¢di)

cadi of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville (1169), and in similar appointments the next twenty-five yearsof his life were passed . We find him at different periods in Seville, Cordova and See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco, probably as physician to Yusef al-Mansur, who took See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in engaging him in discussions on the theories of philosophy and their See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings on the faith of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . But See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• FREE

free thought then, as now, in Islam, depended almost solely on the tastes of the wealthy and the favour of the monarch . The ignorant fanaticism of the multitude viewed speculative studies with deep dislike and distrust, and deemed any one a Zendik (infidel) who did not See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest content with the natural science of the See also:

• KORAN

Koran . These smouldering hatreds burst into open See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1195 . Averroes was accused of heretical opinions and pursuits, stripped of his honours, and banished to a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place near Cordova, where his actions were closely watched . At the same time efforts were made to See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp out all liberal culture in See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia, so far as it went beyond the little medicine, See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy required for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical life . But the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm soon passed .

Averroes was recalled to Morocco when the transient See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people had been satisfied, and for a brief period survived his restoration to See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . He died in the year before his See also:

• PATRON

patron, al-Mansur, with whom (in 1199) the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Moslems came to an end, as did the culture of liberal science with Averroes . The philosopher See also:

• LEFT

left several sons, some of whom became jurists like his own grandfather . One of them has left an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay, expounding his See also:

• FATHER

father's theory of the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect . The See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Averroes is known to us only in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general way, and as we can gather it from his writings . His clear, exhaustive and dignified See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of treatment evidences the rectitude and See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . In the histories of his own nation he has little place; the renown which spread in his lifetime to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East ceased with his See also:

• DEATH

death, and he left no school . Yet, from a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in a See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, we know that he had intelligent readers in Spain more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century afterwards . His historic fame came from the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Schoolmen, whom he almost initiated into the system of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, and who, but vaguely discerning the expositors who preceded, admired in his commentaries the accumulated results of two centuries of labours . The See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORKS

works of Averroes include See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on jurisprudence, See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, astronomy, medicine and philosophy . In 1859 a See also:

• WORK

work of Averroes was for the first time published in Arabic by the Bavarian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, and a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation appeared in 1875 by the editor, J . See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller .

It is a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise en-titled Philosophy and Theology, and, with the exception of a German version of the essay on the See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction of the intellect with man, is the first translation which enables the non-Semitic See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form any adequate See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of Averroes . The Latin See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of most of his works are barbarous and obscure . A See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of his writings, particularly on jurisprudence and astronomy, as well as essays on See also:

• SPECIAL

special logical subjects, prolegomena to philosophy, criticisms on See also:

• AVICENNA

Avicenna and Alfarabius (See also:

• FARABI [Abu Na*r Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ul-Farabi] (ca. 870-950)

Farabi),remain in manuscript in the See also:

• ESCORIAL

Escorial and other See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries . The Latin See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of his medical works include the Colliget (i.e . Kulliyyat, or See also:

• SUMMARY

summary), a resume of medical science, and a commentary on Avicenna's poem on medicine; but Averroes, in medical renown, always stood far below Avicenna . The Latin editions of his philosophical works comprise the Commentaries on Aristotle, the Destructio Destructionis (against Ghazali), the De Substantia Orbis and a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double treatise De Animae Beatitudine . The Commentaries of Averroes fall under three heads: the larger commentaries, in which a See also:

• PARAGRAPH

paragraph is quoted at large, and its clauses expounded one by one; the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium commentaries, which cite only the first words of a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section; and the paraphrases or analyses, treatises on the subjects of the Aristotelian books . The larger commentary was an innovation of Averroes; for Avicenna, copied by Albertus See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus, gave under the rubrics furnished by Aristotle works in which, though the materials were borrowed, the grouping was his own . The great commentaries exist only for the Posterior Analytics, Physics, De Caelo, De Anima and See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

Metaphysics . On the See also:

• HISTORY

History of Animals no commentary at all exists, and See also:

• PLATO

Plato's See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic is substituted for the then inaccessible Politics . The Latin editions of these works between 1480 and 158o number about too . The first appeared at See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua (1472); about fifty were published at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, the best-known being that by the Juntas (1552–1553) in ten volumes See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio .

1861) ; See E . See also:

• RENAN, ERNEST (1823-1892)

Renan, Averroes et l'Averroisme (2nd ed., See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, S . Munk, Melanges, 418-458 ; G . Stockl, Phil. d . Mittelalters, ii . 67-124; Averroes (Valor and Sohn), Drei Abhandl. fiber d . Conjunction d. separaten Intellects mit d . Menschen, trans. into German from the Arabic version of Sam . See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben-Tibbon, by Dr J . Hercz (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1869) T . J. de See also:

• BOER

Boer, History of Philosophy in Islam (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903), ch. vi.; A . F .

M . Mehren in Museon, vii . 613-627; viii . 1-20; Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp . 461 f . See also ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY . (W . W.; G . W .