See also:

• AVIARY (from Lat. avis, a bird)

AVIARY (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. avis, a See also:

• BIRD

bird)  , called by older writers " volary," a structure in which birds are kept in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of captivity . While the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of keeping birds in cages See also:

• DATES

dates from a very remote See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, it is probable that structures worthy of being termed aviaries were first used by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, chiefly for the See also:

• PROCESS

process of fattening birds for the table . In See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, 116—127 B.c., aviaries or " ornithones " (from Gr . 6pves opatOos, See also:

• BIRD

bird) were See also:

• COMMON

common . These consisted of two kinds, those constructed for See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, in which were kept nightingales and other See also:

• SONG

song-birds, and those used entirely for keeping and fattening birds for See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market or for the tables of their owners . Varro himself had an See also:

• AVIARY (from Lat. avis, a bird)

aviary for song-birds exclusively, while See also:

• LUCULLUS

Lucullus combined the two classes, keeping birds both for pleasure and as delicacies for his table . The keeping of birds for pleasure, however, was very rarely indulged in, while it was a common practice with poulterers and others to have large ornithones either in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city or at Sabinum for the fattening of thrushes and other birds for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Ornithones consisted merely of four high walls and a roof, and were lighted with a few very small windows, as' the-,birds were considered to See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine less if they could not see their See also:

• FREE

free companions outside . See also:

• WATER

Water was introduced by means of pipes, and conducted in narrow channels, and the birds were fed chiefly upon dried See also:

• FIGS

figs, carefully peeled, and chewed into a pulp by persons hired to perform this operation . Turtle-doves were fattened in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers for the market on See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, the latter being moistened with sweet See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine; but thrushes were chiefly in See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, and Varro mentions one ornithon from which no less than five thousand of these birds were sold for the table in one See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The habit of keeping birds in aviaries, as we understand the See also:

• TERM

term, for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the pleasure they afford their owners and for studying their habits is, however, of comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent date . The beginning of See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century brought with it the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to keep and study at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home some of the beautiful forms of bird-See also:

• LIFE

life which the explorers came across, and hence it became the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom to erect aviaries for the reception of these creatures .

In the 6th century, in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of which the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

canary-bird was introduced into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, aviaries were not uncommon features of the gardens of the wealthy, and See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon refers to them in his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on gardening (1597) . See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth of Bohemia, the daughter of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, when a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, had an outdoor aviary at Coombe See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey near See also:

• COVENTRY, SIR JOHN (d. 1682)
• COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1628-1686)
• COVENTRY, THOMAS COVENTRY, 1ST BARON (2578–1640)

Coventry, the back and roof of which were formed of natural See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, in which were kept birds of many See also:

• SPECIES

species from many countries . Within recent years the method of keeping birds in large aviaries has received considerable See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and it is fully recognized that by so doing, not only do we derive See also:

• GREAT

great pleasure, but our knowledge of avian habits and mode of living can thereby be very considerably increased . An aviary may be of almost any See also:

• SIZE

size, from the large cage known, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its shape, as the " Crystal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace aviary," to a structure as large as a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; and the term is sometimes applied to the See also:

• ROOM

room of a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house with the windows covered with See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-netting; but as a See also:

• RULE

rule it is used for outdoor structures, composed principally of wire-netting supported on a framework of either See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron or woodwork . For quite See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy birds little more than this is necessary, providing that See also:

• PROTECTION

protection is given in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of growing trees and shrubs, rock-See also:

• WORK

work or rough wooden shelters . For many of the delicate species, however, which See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail from tropical countries, warmth must be provided during the inclement months of the See also:

• YEAR

year, and thus a part at least of an aviary designed for these birds must be in the form of a wooden or See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick house which can be shut up in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather and artificially warmed . The ideal aviary, probably, is that which is constructed in two parts, viz. a well-built house for the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, opening outinto a large wire enclosure for use in the summer months . The doors between the two portions may be of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or glazed . The part intended as the winter home of the birds is best built in brick or See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, as these materials are practically See also:

• VERMIN (Fr. vermine, formed as if from Lat. verminus, vcrmis, a worm)

vermin-See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof and the temperature in such a See also:

• BUILDING

building is less variable than that , in a thin wooden structure . The See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor should be of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete or brick, and the house should be fitted with an efficient See also:

• HEATING

heating apparatus from which the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is distributed by means of hot-water pipes . Any arrangement which would permit the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape into the aviary of See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke or noxious fumes is to be strongly condemned . Such a house must be well lighted, preferably by means of skylights; but it is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to have the whole "roof glazed, at least See also:

• HALF

half of it should be of wood, covered with slates or tiles .

Perches consisting of branches of trees with the bark adhering should be fixed up, and, if small birds are to be kept, bundles of bushy twigs should be securely fixed up in corners under the See also:

• ROOFS

roofs . The See also:

• OUTER

outer part, which will principally be used during the summer, though it will do most birds See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good to be let out for a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours on mild winter days also, should be as large as possible, and constructed entirely of wire-netting stretched on a frames work of wood or iron . If the latter material is selected, stout See also:

• GAS

gas-piping is both stronger and more easily fitted together than solid iron rods . If the framework be of wood, this should be creosoted, prefer-ably' under pressure, or painted with three coats of good See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead paint, the latter preservative also being used if iron is the material selected . The wire-netting used may be of almost any sized mesh, according to the sized birds to be kept, but as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rule the smallest mesh, such as half or five-eighths of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch, should be used, as it is practically vermin-proof, and allows of birds of any size being kept . Wire-netting for aviaries should be of the best quality, and well galvanized . The new interlinked type is less durable than the old mesh type, though perhaps it looks somewhat neater when fixed . See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

Provision must be made for the entire exclusion of such vermin as rats, stoats and weasels, which, if they were to gain See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access, would commit great havoc amongst the birds . The simplest and most effectual method of doing this is by sinking the wire-netting some 2 ft . into the ground all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the aviary, See also:

• SURFACE

Surface of and then turning it outwards for a ground .'f distance of another See also:

• FOOT

foot as shown in the annexed cut (fig . 1) . The outer part of the aviary should be turfed and planted with See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen -seo and See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous shrubs, and be provided with some means of supplying an abun- FIG .

1 . See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance of pure water for the birds to drink and bathe in; and a See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel path should not be forgotten . Perhaps the most useful type of aviary is that built as above described, but with several compartments, and a passage at the back by which any compartment may be visited without the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of passing through and disturbing the birds in other compartments . Fig . 2 represents a ground See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of an aviary of this type divided into four compartments, each with an inner house ro ft. square, and an outer See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double that See also:

• AREA

area . The outer flights are intended to be turfed, and planted with shrubs, and the gravel path has a glazed roof above it by which it is kept dry in wet weather . Shallow water-basins are shown, which should be supplied by means of an underground See also:

• PIPE

pipe and a See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock which can be turned on from outside the aviary; and they must be connected with a properly laid drain by means of a See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste plug and an overflow pipe . An aviary should always be built with a See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern aspect, and, where possible, should be sheltered from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• FIR

fir-trees, high See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall or See also:

• BANK

bank, to protect the birds from the biting winds from these quarters . When parrots of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind are to be kept it is useless to try to grow any kind of vegetation except grass, and even this will be demolished unless the aviary is of considerable size . The larger parrots will, in fact, bite to pieces not only living trees but also the woodwork of their See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode, and the only really suitable materials for the construction of an aviary for these birds are brick or stone and iron; and the wire-netting used must be of the stoutest See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge or it will be torn to pieces by their strong bills . The feeding of birds in aviaries is, obviously, a See also:

• MATTER

matter of the utmost 'importance, and, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that they may have what is most suitable, the aviculturist should find out as much as possible of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild life of the species he wishes to keep, or if little or nothing is known about their mode of living, as is often the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with rare forms, of nearly related species whose habits and food are probably much the same, and he should endeavour to provide food as nearly as possible resembling that which would be obtained by the birds when wild . It is often, however, impossible to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply precisely the same food as would be obtained by the birds had they their See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, but a substitute which suits them well can Fin .

2.-Plan of 4-compartment Aviary for See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Birds. generally be obtained . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

parrot tribe subsist principally upon various nuts, See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, while some of the smaller parrakeets or paroquets appear to feed almost exclusively upon the seeds of various See also:

• GRASSES

grasses . Almost all of these are comparatively easy to treat in captivity, the larger ones being fed on See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• SUNFLOWER

sunflower-seed, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, dari, oats, canary-seed, nuts and various ripe fruits, while the grass-parrakeets thrive remarkably well on little besides canary-seed and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green food, the most suitable of which is grass in See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, chickweed, See also:

• GROUNDSEL (Ger. Kreuzkraut; Fr. senecon)

groundsel and various seed-bearing weeds . But there is another large See also:

• GROUP

group of parrots, the Loriidae or See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush-tongued parrots, some of the most interesting and brightly coloured of the tribe, which, when wild, subsist principally upon the See also:

• POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen and See also:

• NECTAR

nectar of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, notably the various species of See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

Eucalyptus, the filamented See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues of these parrots being peculiarly adapted for obtaining this . In captivity these birds have been found to live well upon sweetened See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk-sop, which is made by pouring boiling milk upon crumbled See also:

• BREAD

bread or See also:

• BISCUIT (pronounced according to the old spelling " bisket," a Fr. form from Lat. bis, twice, and coctum, cooked, in reference to the original method of preparation; cf. Ital. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, &c.)

biscuit . They frequently learn to eat seed like other parrots, but, if fed exclusively upon this, are See also:

• APT

apt, especially if deprived of abundance of exercise, to suffer from fits which are usually fatal . Fruit is also readily eaten by the Tories and lorikeets, and should always be supplied . The foreign doves and pigeons form a numerous and beautiful group which are mostly hardy and easily kept and bred in captivity . They are for the most part See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-feeders and require only small See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and seeds, though a certain group, known as the fruit-pigeons, are fed in captivity upon soft fruits, berries, boiled See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato and soaked grain . The various finches and See also:

• FINCH
• FINCH (Ger. Fink, Lat. Fringilla)

finch-like birds form an exceedingly large group and comprise perhaps the most popular of foreignaviary birds . The See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

weaver-birds of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa are mostly quite hardy and very easily kept, their food consisting, for the most part, of canary-seed . The See also:

• MALES

males of these birds are, as a rule, gorgeously attired in brilliant See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, some having See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long flowing tail-feathers during the nuptial season, while in the winter their showy See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress is replaced by one of See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow-like sombreness .

The grass-finches of See also:

• AUSTRALASIA

Australasia contain some of the most brilliantly coloured birds, the beautiful grass-finch (Poephila mirabili4 being resplendent in See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson, green, See also:

• MAUVE, ANTON (1838–1888)

mauve, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and yellow . Most of these birds build their nests, and many See also:

• REAR

rear their See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, successfully in outdoor aviaries, their food consisting of canary and millet seeds, while flowering grasses provide them with an endless source of pleasure and wholesome food . The same treatment suits the See also:

• AFRICAN

African waxbills, many of which are extremely beautiful, the crimson-eared waxbill or " See also:

• CORDON (a French derivative of corde, cord)

cordon-bleu " being one of the most lovely and frequently imported . These little birds are somewhat delicate, especially when first imported, and during the winter months require artificial warmth . There is a very large group of insectivorous and fruit-eating birds very suitable for aviculture, but their mode of living necessarily involves considerable care on the part of the aviculturist in the preparation of their food . Many birds are partially insectivorous, feeding upon See also:

• INSECTS

insects when these are plentiful, and upon various seeds at other times . Numbers of species again which, when adult, feed almost entirely upon grain, feed their young, especially during the early stages of their existence, upon insects; while others are exclusively See also:

• INSECT

insect-eaters at all times of their lives . All of these points must be considered by those who would succeed in keeping and breeding birds in aviaries . It would be almost an impossibility to keep the purely insectivorous species, were it not for the fact that they can be gradually accustomed to feed on what is known as " insectivorous " or " insectile " food, a See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of which the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ingredients generally consist of dried ants' cocoons, dried flies, dried powdered See also:

• MEAT

meat, preserved yolk of See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg,l and crumb of bread or biscuit . This is moistened with water or mixed with mashed boiled potato, and forms a See also:

• DIET

diet upon which most of the insectivorous birds thrive . The various ingredients, or the food ready made, can be obtained at almost any bird-fancier's See also:

• SHOP

shop . Although it is a good See also:

• STAPLE

staple diet for these birds, the addition of mealworms, caterpillars, grubs, See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders and so forth is often a necessity, especially for purely insectivorous species .

The fruit-eating species, such as the tanagers and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-birds of the New See also:

• WORLD

World, require ripe fruit in abundance in addition to a staple diet such as that above described, while for such birds as feed largely upon See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth-See also:

• WORMS

worms, shredded raw meat is added with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . Many of the waders make very interesting aviary birds, and require a diet similar to that above recommended, with the addi- tion of chopped raw meat, mealworms and any insects that can be obtained . Birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey naturally require a meat diet, which is best given in the form of small, freshly killed mammals and birds, the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur or feathers of which should not be removed, as they aid digestion . The majority of wild birds, from whatever part of the world they may come, will breed successfully in suitable aviaries providing proper nesting sites are available . Large bundles of brushwood, fixed up in sheltered spots, will afford See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for many kinds of birds, while some will readily build in evergreen shrubs if these are grown in their enclosure . Small boxes and baskets, securely fastened to the wall or roof of the ' It has recently been stated by certain medical men that egg-food in any form is an undesirable diet for birds, owing to its being peculiarly adapted to the multiplication of the bacillus of septicaemia, a disease which is responsible for the See also:

• DEATH

death of many newly imported birds . It is a significant fact, however, that insectivorous species, which are those principally fed upon this substance, are not nearly so susceptible to this disease as seed-eating birds which rarely See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste egg; and in spite of what has been written concerning its harmfulness, the large majority of aviculturists use it, in both the fresh and the preserved state, with no apparent See also:

• ILL

ill effects, but rather the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse . ~lg1sAYE'L.\P.ATX wiass yLAZESI .scx:Ss\ oyse& O sheltered part of an aviary, will be appropriated by such species as naturally build in holes and crevices . Parrots, when wild, See also:

• LAY

lay their eggs in hollow trees, and occasionally in holes in rocks, making no See also:

• NEST

nest,' but merely scraping out a slight hollow in which to See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit the eggs . For these birds hollow logs, with small entrance holes near the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, or boxes, varying in size according to the size of the parrots which they are intended for, should be supplied . In providing nesting accommodation for his birds the aviculturist must endeavour to imitate their natural surroundings and supply sites as nearly as possible similar to those which the birds, to whatever order they may belong, would naturally select . Aviculture is a delightful pastime, but it is also far more than this; it is of considerable scientific importance, for it admits of the living birds being studied in a way that would be quite impossible otherwise .

There are hundreds of species of birds, from all parts of the world, the habits of which are almost unknown, but which may be kept without difficulty in suitable aviaries . Many of these birds cannot be studied satisfactorily in a wild state by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of their shy nature and retiring habits, not to mention their rarity and the impossibility, so far as most See also:

• PEOPLE

people are concerned, of visiting their native haunts . In suitable large aviaries, however, their nesting habits, courtship, display, See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation, See also:

• MOULT

moult and so forth can be accurately served and recorded . The keeping of birds in aviaries is therefore a practice worthy of every encouragement, so long as the aviaries are of sufficient size and suitable See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design to allow of the birds exhibiting their natural habits; for in a large aviary they will reveal the secrets of their nature as they never would do in a cage or small aviary . (D . S .