AVICENNA  [See also:

• ABU

Abu `See also:

• ALI

Ali al-Husain See also:

• IBN

ibn 'Abdallah ibn See also:

• SINAI

Sinai (980-1037), Arabian philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Afshena in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• BOKHARA (Bokhara-i-Sherif)
• BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the common central Asian pronunciation is Bukhara)

Bokhara . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a native of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; his See also:

• FATHER

father, a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian from See also:

• BALKH

Balkh, filled the See also:

• POST

post of tax-See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector in the neighbouring See also:

• TOWN

town of Harmaitin, under Nuh II. ibn Mansur, the Samanid See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir of Bokhara . On the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Avicenna's younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother the See also:

• FAMILY

family migrated to Bokhara, then one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cities of the Moslem See also:

• WORLD

world, and famous for a culture which was older than its See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest by the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens . Avicenna was put in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, and his precocity soon made him the marvel of his neighbours,—as a boy of ten who knew by rote the See also:

• KORAN

Koran and much Arabic See also:

• POETRY

poetry besides . From a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green-See also:

• GROCER

grocer he learnt See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic; and higher branches were begun under one of those wandering scholars who gained a livelihood by See also:

• CURES

cures for the sick and lessons for the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . Under him Avicenna read the Isagoge of See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry and the first propositions of See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid . But the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil soon found his teacher to be but a See also:

• CHARLATAN (Ital. ciarlatano, from ciarlare, to chatter)

charlatan, and betook himself, aided by commentaries, to See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry and the Almagest . Before he was sixteen he not merely knew medical theory, but by gratuitous attendance on the sick had, according to his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, discovered new methods of treatment . For the next See also:

• YEAR

year and a See also:

• HALF

half he worked at the higher See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles . In such moments of baffled inquiry he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then hie to the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque, and continue in See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer till See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke on his difficulties . Deep into the See also:

• NIGHT

night he would continue his studies, stimulating his senses by occasional cups of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and See also:

• WORK

work out their See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . See also:

• FORTY

Forty times, it is said, he read through the See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

Metaphysics of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day they found See also:

• ILLUMINATION

illumination from the little commentary by See also:

• FARABI [Abu Na*r Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ul-Farabi] (ca. 870-950)

Farabi (q.v.), which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhems .

So See also:

• GREAT

great was his joy at the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, thus made by help of a work from which he had expected only See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to See also:

• GOD

God, and bestowed an See also:

• ALMS

alms upon the poor . Thus, by the end of his seventeenth year his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship of study was There is, however, one true See also:

• NEST

nest-See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

parrot, the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey-breasted parrakeet (Myopsittacus monachus), which constructs a huge nest of twigs . The true love-birds (Agapornis) may also be said to build nests, for they See also:

• LINE

line their nest-hole with strips of pliant bark.concluded, and he went forth to find a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market for his accomplishments . His first See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was that of physician to the amir, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997) . Avicenna's chief See also:

• REWARD

reward for this service was See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the royal library of the See also:

• SAMANIDS

Samanids (q.v.), well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars . When the library was destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after, the enemies of Avicenna accused him of burning it, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for ever to conceal the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of his knowledge . Mean-while, he assisted his father in his See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial labours, but still found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to write some of his earliest See also:

• WORKS

works . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-two Avicenna lost his father . The Samanid See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty came to its end in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1004 . Avicenna seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud the Ghaznevid, and proceeded westwards to Urjensh in the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• KHIVA

Khiva, where the See also:

• VIZIER

vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly See also:

• STIPEND

stipend . But the pay was small, and Avicenna wandered from place to place through the districts of See also:

• NISHAPUR
• NISHAPUR (Old Pers. Nev-shdpur-nev, New Pers. niv, nik= good; Arab. Naisabur)

Nishapur and Mery to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents . Shams al-Ma`ali Qabus, the generous ruler of DaiIam, himself a poet and a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, with whom he had expected to find an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum, was about that date (1012) starved to See also:

• DEATH

death by his own revolted soldiery .

Avicenna himself was at this See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season stricken down by a severe illness . Finally, at Jorjan, near the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian, he met with a friend, who bought near his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house a dwelling in which Avicenna lectured on logic and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . For this See also:

• PATRON

patron several of his See also:

• TREATISES

treatises were written; and the commencement of his See also:

• CANON

Canon of See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine also See also:

• DATES

dates from his stay in See also:

• HYRCANIA

Hyrcania . He subsequently settled at Rai, in the vicinity of the modern See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran, where a son of the last amir, Majd Addaula, was nominal ruler, under the regency of his mother . At Rai about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty of his shorter works are said to have been composed . But the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant feuds which raged between the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent and her second son, Shams Addaula, compelled the scholar to quit the place, and after a brief sojourn at Kazwin, he passed southwards to See also:

• HAMADAN

Hamadan, where that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince had established himself . At first he entered into the service of a high-born See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady; but ere long the amir, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling . Avicenna was even raised to the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of vizier; but the turbulent soldiery, composed of Kurds and See also:

• TURKS

Turks, mutinied against their nominal See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, and demanded that the new vizier should be put to death . Shams Addaula consented that he should be banished from the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Avicenna, however, remained hidden for forty days in a sheik's house, till a fresh attack of illness induced the amir to restore him to his post . Even during this perturbed time he prosecuted his studies and teaching . Every evening extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils; among whom, when the See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson was over, he spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the night in festive enjoyment with a See also:

• BAND

band of singers and players .

On the death of the amir Avicenna ceased to be vizier, and hid himself in the house of an See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his works . Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan, offering his services; but the new amir of Hamadan getting to hear of this See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, and discovering the place of Avicenna's concealment, incarcerated him in a fortress . See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadan; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, and expelled the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish mercenaries . When the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm had passed Avicenna returned with the amir to Hamadan, and carried on his See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours; but at length, accompanied by his brother, a favourite pupil, and two slaves, made his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape out of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of a Sufite ascetic . After a perilous See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey they reached Isfahan, and received an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable welcome from the prince . The remaining ten or twelve years of Avicenna's See also:

• LIFE

life were spent in the service of Abu Ya'far `See also:

• ALA

Ala Addaula, whom he accompanied as physician and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general literary and scientific adviser, even in his numerous See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns . During these years he began to study literary matters and See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, instigated, it is asserted, by criticisms on his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . But amid his restless study Avicenna never forgot his love of enjoyment . Unusual bodily vigour enabled him to combine severe devotion to work with facile See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence in sensual pleasures . His See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for wine and See also:

• WOMEN

women was almost as well known as his learning . Versatile, light-hearted, boastful and See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure-loving, he contrasts with the nobler and more intellectual See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of See also:

• AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)

Averroes . His bouts of pleasure gradually weakened his constitution; a severe See also:

• COLIC (from the Gr. K6Aov or KwAov, the large intestine)

colic, which seized him on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army against Hamadan, was checked by remedies so violent that Avicenna could scarcely stand .

On a similar occasion the disease returned; with difficulty he reached Hamadan, where, finding the disease gaining ground, he refused to keep up the regimen imposed, and resigned himself to his See also:

• FATE

fate . On his deathbed remorse seized him; he bestowed his goods on the poor, restored unjust gains, freed his slaves, and every third day till his death listened to the See also:

• READING

reading of the Koran . He died in See also:

• JUNE

June 1037, in his fifty-eighth year, and was buried in Hamadan . It was mainly See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident which determined that from the 12th to the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Avicenna should be the See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide of medical study in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, and See also:

• ECLIPSE (Gr. €uheo,tis, falling out of place, failing)

eclipse the names of Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas and See also:

• AVENZOAR, or ABUMERON [Abu Merwan 'Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr]

Avenzoar . His work is not essentially different from that of his predecessors Rhazes and Ali; all See also:

• PRESENT

present the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen, and through Galen the doctrine of See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates, modified by the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of Aristotle . But the Canon of Avicenna is distinguished from the Al-Hawi (Continens) or See also:

• SUMMARY

Summary of Rhazes by its greater method, due perhaps to the logical studies of the former, and entitling him to his surname of Prince of the Physicians . The work has been variously appreciated in subsequent ages, some regarding it as a See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, and others, like Avenzoar, holding it useful only as See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper . In modern times it has been more criticized than read . The See also:

• VICE

vice of the See also:

• BOOK

book is excessive See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of bodily faculties, and over-subtlety in the discrimination of diseases . It includes five books; of which the first and second treat of See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology and See also:

• HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

hygiene, the third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• DEAL

deal with the methods of treating disease, and the fifth describes the composition and preparation of remedies . This last See also:

• PART

part contains some contingent of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal observation . He is, like all his countrymen, ample in the enumeration of symptoms, and is said to be inferior to Ali in See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical medicine and See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery .

He introduced into medical theory the four causes of the Peripatetic system . Of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany he pretends to no See also:

• SPECIAL

special knowledge . Up to the year 165o, or thereabouts, the Canon was still used as a See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-book in the universities of See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain and See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier . About roo treatises are ascribed to Avicenna . Some of them are tracts of a few pages, others are works extending through several volumes . The best-known amongst them, and that to which Avicenna owed his European reputation, is the Canon of Medicine; an Arabic edition of it appeared at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 1593, and a See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew version at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples in 1491 . Of the Latin version there were about thirty See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, founded on the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard of See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

Cremona . The 15th century has the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of composing the great commentary on the text of the Canon, grouping around it all that theory had imagined, and all that practice had observed . Other medical works translated into Latin are the Medicamenta Cordialia, Canticum de Medicina, Tractatus de Syrupo Acetoso . Scarcely any member of the Arabian circle of the sciences, including See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, philology, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, astronomy, physics and See also:

• MUSIC

music, was See also:

• LEFT

left untouched by the treatises of Avicenna, many of which probably varied little, except in being commissioned by a different patron and having a different See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form or extent . He wrote at least one See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on See also:

• ALCHEMY

alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him . His book on animals was translated by See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot .

His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine . The Logic and Metaphysics have been printed more than once, the latter, e.g., at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1493, 1495 and 1546 . Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, &c., take, a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836) . Two encyclopaedic63 treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned . The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript in the Bodleian library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia (1490) as the See also:

• LIBEL

Libel . Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Avicenna's philosophy given by See also:

• SHAHRASTANI [Abu'l-Fath Mahommed ibn `Abdalkarim ush-Shahrastani] (1076 or 1086—1153)

Shahrastani seems to be mainly an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, and in many places a See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction, of the Al-Shifa' . A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio) . The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monkish editors confess that they applied . There is also a Philosophia Orientalis, mentioned by See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, and now lost, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone . For Avicenna's life, see Ibn Khallikan's See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, translated by McG. de Slane (1842) ; F . Wiistenfeld's Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte and Naturforscher (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1840) . For his medicine, see See also:

• SPRENGEL, KURT (1766-1833)

Sprengel, Histoire de la Medecine; and for his philosophy, see Shahrastani, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German trans. vol. ii .

213-332; K . Prantl, Geschichte der Logik, ii . 318-361; A . Stockl, Phil. d . Mittelalters, ii . 23-58; S . Munk, Melanges, 352-366; B . Haneberg in the Abhandlungen der philos.-philolog . Class. der bayerischen Academie (1867) ; and Carra de See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux, Avicenne (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1900) . For See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of extant works see C . Brockelmann's Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp . 452-458 .

(W . W.; G . W .