See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS  , an See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago in the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . Pop . (1900) 256,2911earea, 922 sq. m . The See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores extend in an oblique See also:

• LINE

line from N.W. to S.E., between 36° 55' and 39° 55' N., and between 25° and 31° 16` W . They- are divided into three widely severed See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, rising from a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of more than 22 m . The See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern See also:

• GROUP

group consists of St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's (Sao See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel) and St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary (See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria), with Formigas; the central, of • orv0 go t)5 °l.recnwicIt z5° z6° Loug.W of a5° See also:

• FLORES

Flores 39 ,Graciosa St.G i orge See also:

• TERCEIRA

Terceira See also:

• FAYAL (Faial)

Fayal 38 See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN See also:

• PICO

Pico St . Michaers AZORES See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles Formigas ; o to so See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo St.Mary x3° $ Ro,ntt . Pt.. comp . Santa Cruz de Gr,C1o5a (- 9 av, Graciosa S GuaCalupe W See also:

• BAT

bat Pt . Fa Fop° p See also:

• CASTELLO, BERNARDO (1557—1629)
• CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1500 ?–1569 ?)
• CASTELLO, VALERIO (1625-1659)

Castello e'f° F d o~o4P , •..., R be a Sec 38 F1Cn~ See also:

• LAY

Lay P n, . ) Pt v c ~a,P j t'olydmr . Frunt,on '' s ~ a a pt. oO .p .Jun¢ ttW, Se steep rret Ra pt. o Fn Terceira'Y sp., pt .

St.See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Rh P t aia ^rd ~YYY l Pt . An g -C4- '--,, ° 4t) Nerotsm c . aN Q+ . 1 Velar Pr° s Pt S A tomo Vnhas Pt . -.~ .IOPU , . wu 5.I2oR ~i .'~Onr¢;ra Pt . . &Mamas ^., l,ha it . English Miles lage°s P .. '--to zo 30 40 erase Pt• ° ..$ °e c °+'.qe 4° R F° Pecq u F .Pt.~ C'e Gb a° rW .a~ . t Pt' Corvo Co 5 d Cruz Pl`~ rouez° PL roPL See also:

• ROSARIO

Rosario See also:

• FONT (Lat. fans, " fountain " or " spring," Ital. fonte, Fr. les fonts)

Font . Grande Pt R \ b `a \~V5 4°° ~~°~ dr s See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat S ML~p~ x 'Y. o ',vatic' Pl . a0 q `s•- F e°R to % QP< . See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea °s rs St .

Michael's 39° aoa ne . Ruiva Pt . <`G Santa Cruz Formigas centu,;rl. is eabetra PL Pl . Pt . Oollnbarn e b°60"° [opens Flores English Miles English Miles St . Mary omnas t' taa caar¢smnte '4""- toare.~as Lx'-~tt,,~y 0 5 tq .0 0 5 t0 I Vino See also:

• VILLA

Villa llO PnitO Cpstelln P- . F.W Fayal (Faial), Pico, St George (Sao Jorge), Terceira and Graciosa; the north-western, of Flores and Corvo . The nearest See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• LAND

land is Cape da Roca on the Portuguese See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, which lies 83o m . E. of St Michael's; while Cape Cantin, the nearest point on the See also:

• AFRICAN

African mainland, is more than 900 M. distant, and Cape See also:

• RACE

Race in See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland, the nearest See also:

• AMERICAN

American headland, is more than See also:

• LOOT

loot) m . Thus the Azores are the farthest from any See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of all the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island groups in the Atlantic; but they are usually regarded as belonging to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, as their See also:

• CLIMATE

climate and See also:

• FLORA

flora are See also:

• EUROPEAN

European in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Description . The aspect of all the islands is very similar in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general characteristics, presenting an elevated and undulating outline, with little or no tableland, and rising into peaks, of which the lowest, that of Corvo, is 350 ft., and the highest that of Pico, 7612 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level .

The lines of sea-coast are, with few exceptions, high and precipitous, with bases of accumulated masses of fallen See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, in which open bays, or scarcely more enclosed inlets, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the harbours of the trading towns . The volcanic character of the whole archipelago is obvious, and has been abundantly confirmed by the numerous earthquakes and eruptions which have taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place since its See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery . See also:

• BASALT

Basalt and See also:

• SCORIA (Lat. scoria, slag)

scoria are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief erupted materials . Hitherto Flores, Corvo and Graciosa have been quite exempt, and Fayal has only suffered from one eruption (1672) . The centre of activity has for the most See also:

• PART

part been St Michael's, while the neighbouring island of St Mary has altogether escaped . In 1444–1445 there was a See also:

• GREAT

great eruption at St Michael's, of which, however, the accounts that have been preserved exaggerate the importance . In 1522 the See also:

• TOWN

town of Villa Franca, at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the island, was buried, with all its 6000 inhabitants, during a violent convulsion . In 1572 an eruption took place in Pico; in 158o St George was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of numerous outbursts; and in 1614 a little town in Terceira was destroyed . In 163o, '1652, 1656, 1755, 1852, &c., St Michael's was visited with successive eruptions and earthquakes, several of them of great violence . On various occasions, as in 1638, 1720, 1811 and 1867, subterranean eruptions have taken place, which have sometimes been accompanied by the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of temporary islands . Of these the most remarkable was thrown up in See also:

• JUNE

June 1811, about See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• LEAGUE

league from the western extremity of St Michael's . It was called Sabrina by the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of that name, who witnessed the phenomenon .

Climate.—The climate is particularly temperate, but the extremes of sensible See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold are increased by the humidity . The range of the thermometer is from 45° Fahr., the lowest known extreme, or 48°, the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary lowest extreme of See also:

• JANUARY

January, to 82°, the ordinary, or 86°, the highest known extreme of See also:

• JULY

July, near the level of the sea . Between these two points (both taken in the shade) there is from See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month to month a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty See also:

• REGULAR

regular gradation of increase or decrease, amounting to somewhat less than four degrees . In See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter the prevailing winds are from the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, west and south; in summer the most frequent are the north, north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and east . The See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is often extremely stormy, and the winds from the west and south-west render the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the coasts very dangerous . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia of the Azores are limited to the See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit, See also:

• WEASEL (Putorius nivalis)

weasel, See also:

• FERRET

ferret, rat (See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black), See also:

• MOUSE

mouse and bat, in addition to domestic animals . The See also:

• GAME

game includes the See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, red See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge (introduced in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail and See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe . Owing to the damage inflicted on the crops by the multitude of blackbirds, bullfinches, chaffinches and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green canaries, a See also:

• REWARD

reward was formerly paid for the destruction of birds in St Michael's, and it is said that over 400,000 were destroyed in several successive years between 1875 and 1885 . There are valuable See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries of See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny, See also:

• MULLET

mullet and bonito . The See also:

• PORPOISE (sometimes spelled Porpus and Porpesse)

porpoise, See also:

• DOLPHIN

dolphin and See also:

• WHALE

whale are also See also:

• COMMON

common . Whale-fishing is a profitable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, with its headquarters at Fayal, whence the sperm-oil is exported . Eels are found in the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers .

The only indigenous reptile is the See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard . Fresh-See also:

• WATER

water molluscs are unknown, and near the coast the marine fauna is not See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich; but terrestrial molluscs abound, several See also:

• SPECIES

species being See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the Azores . Flora.—The general character of the flora is decidedly European, no fewer than 400 out of the 478 species generally considered as indigenous belonging likewise to that continent, while only four are found in See also:

• AMERICA

America, and See also:

• FORTY

forty are peculiar to the archipelago . Vegetation in most of the islands is remarkably rich, especially in See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, mosses, and ferns, See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

heath, See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper, and a variety of shrubs . Of tall-growing trees there was, till the 19th century, an almost See also:

• TOTAL

total lack; but the See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, European See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, African See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, Australian See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

eucalyptus, See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, See also:

• TULIP (Tulipa)

tulip-tree, See also:

• ELM

elm, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, and many others, were then successfully introduced . The See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• APRICOT (from the Lat. praecox, or praecoquus, ripened early, coquere, to cook, or ripen; the English form, formerly " apricock " and " abrecox," comes through the Fr. abricot, from the Span. albaricoque, which was an adaptation of the Arabic al-burquk, i

apricot, See also:

• BANANA

banana, See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon, citron, See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

• MEDLAR

medlar, and See also:

• POMEGRANATE

pomegranate are the common fruits, and various other varieties are more or less cultivated . At one time much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was given to the growing of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, but it has now for the most part been abandoned . The culture of See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, introduced in the 16th century, also belongs to the past . A See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

fern (Dicksonia culcita) , called by the natives cabellinho, furnishes a silky material for the stuffing of See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat-tresses and is exported to See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and Portugal . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The inhabitants of the islands are mostly of Portuguese origin, with a well-marked See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of Moorish and Flemish See also:

• BLOOD

blood . There is a high See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-See also:

• RATE

rate and a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• AVERAGE

average of See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant mortality . A large proportion of the poorer classes, especially among the older men and See also:

• WOMEN

women, are totally illiterate, but See also:

• EDUCATION

education tends to spread more rapidly than in Portugal itself, owing to the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of sending See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children to the See also:

• UNITED

United States, where they are taught in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools .

Negroes, mulattoes, English, Scottish and Irish immigrants are See also:

• PRESENT

present in considerable See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, especially in Fayal and St Michael's . The total number of See also:

• RESIDENT

resident foreigners in 1900 was 1490 . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—The Azores are subdivided into three administrative districts named after their chief towns, i.e . Ponta Delgada, the capital of St Michael's; See also:

• ANGRA, or ANGRA

Angra, or Angra do Heroismo, the capital of Terceira; and See also:

• HORTA

Horta, the capital of Fayal . St Michael's and St Mary are included in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Ponta Delgada; Terceira, St George and Graciosa, in that of Angra; Pico, Fayal, Flores and Corvo, in that of Horta . Four members are returned by Ponta Delgada to the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament in See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, while each of the other districts returns two members . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholicism is the creed of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, and Angra is an episcopal see . For purposes of military See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration the islands form two commands, with their respective headquarters at Angra and Ponta Delgada . Besides the frequent and regular services of mails which connect the Azores with Portugal and other countries, there is a See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable from Lisbon to Villa Franca do Campo, in St Michael's, and thence to Pico, Fayal, St George and Graciosa . Fayal is connected with See also:

• WATERVILLE

Waterville, in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, by a cable laid in 29o1 . At Angra and Ponta Delgada there are meteorological stations . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seaports are Angra (pop .

290o, 10,788), Ponta Delgada (17,620), and Horta (6574) . See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—The trade of the Azores, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long a Portuguese See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly, is now to a great extent shared by the United Kingdom and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and is chiefly carried in British vessels . Textiles are imported from Portugal; See also:

• COAL

coal from Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; sugar from Germany, See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira and the United States; See also:

• STATIONERY

stationery, hardware, chemicals, paints, See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, &c., from the United Kingdom and Germany . The exports consist chiefly of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, natural See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters and provisions . The trade in pineapples is especially important . No fewer than 940,000 pineapples were exported in 1902 and 1903, going in almost equal quantities to See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . The fruit is raised under See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . Pottery, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton fabrics, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• STRAW

straw hats and tea are produced in the district of Ponta Delgada; See also:

• LINEN

linen and woollen goods, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, See also:

• SOAP

soap, bricks and tiles, in that of Angra; baskets, mats, and various ornamental articles made from straw, See also:

• OSIER (through Fr. from Late Lat. osaria, auxaria, a bundle of osier or willow twigs)

osier, and the See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith of dried fig-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, in that of Horta . The largest and most populous of the Azores is St Michael's, which has an See also:

• AREA

area of 297 sq. m., and in 1900 had 121,340 inhabit-ants . Graciosa (pop . 8385; area, 17 sq. m.) and St George (16,177; 40 sq. m.) form part of the central group . Graciosa is noteworthy for the beauty of its scenery .

Its chief towns are Santa Cruz de Graciosa (2185) and Guadalupe (2717) . The chief towns of St George are See also:

• RIBEIRA

Ribeira Seca (2817) and Velas (2009) . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—It does not appear that the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans had any knowledge of the Azores, but from the number of Carthaginian coins discovered in Corvo it has been supposed that the islands must have been visited by that adventurous See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The Arabian geographers, Edrisi in the 12th century, and See also:

• IBN

Ibn-al-Wardi in the 14th, describe, after the Canaries, nine other islands in the Western Ocean, which are in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the Azores . This See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification is supported by various considerations . The number of islands is the same; the climate under which they are placed by the Arabians makes them north of the Canaries; and See also:

• SPECIAL

special mention is made of the See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks or buzzards, which were sufficiently numerous at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period to give rise to the present name (See also:

• PORT

Port . Apr, a See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk) . The Arabian writers represent them as having been populous, and as having contained cities of some magnitude; but they state that the inhabitants had been greatly reduced by See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine warfare . The Azores are first found distinctly marked in a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of 1351, the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern group being named the See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

Goat Islands (Cabreras) ; the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle group, the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

Wind or See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

Dove Islands (De Ventura sine de Columbis); and the western, the Brazil Island (De Brazi)—the word Brazil at that time being employed for any red dye-stuff . In a Catalan map of the See also:

• YEAR

year 1375 Corvais found as Corvi See also:

• MARINI (or MARINO), GIAMBATTISTA (1569-1625)

Marini, and Flores as Li Conigi; while St George is already designated See also:

• SAN

San Zorze . It has been conjectured that the discoverers were Genoese, but of this there is not sufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . It is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, however, that the so-called Flemish discovery by See also:

• VAN

van der See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg is only worthy of the name in a very secondary sense .

According to the usual See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account,'he was driven on the islands in 1432, and the See also:

• NEWS

news excited considerable See also:

• INTEREST

interest at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Lisbon . The navigator, Gonzalo Velho Cabral—not to be confounded with his greater namesake, Pedro See also:

• ALVAREZ, DON JOSE (1768-1827)
• ALVAREZ, DON MANUEL (1727-1797)
• ALVAREZ, FRANCISCO (c. 1465-1541?)

Alvarez Cabral—was sent to prosecute the discovery . Another version relates that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the Navigator of Portugal had in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession a map in which the islands were laid down, and that he sent out Cabral through confidence in its accuracy . The map had been presented to him by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Dom Pedro, who had travelled as far as See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon . Be this as it may, Cabral reached the island, which he named Santa Maria, in 1432, and in 1444 took possession of St Michael's . The other islands were all discovered by 1457 . Colonization had meanwhile been going on prosperously; and in 1466 Fayal was presented by See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso V. to his aunt, See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, the duchess of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy . An influx of Flemish settlers followed, and the islands became known for a time as the Flemish Islands . From 158o to 1640 they were subject, like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Portuguese kingdom, to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . At that time the Azores were the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous for the fleets on their voyage See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home from the Indies; and hence they became a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of that maritime warfare which was carried on by the English under See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth against the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . One such expedition, which took place in 1591, led to the famous sea-fight off Flores, between the English See also:

• SHIP

ship " Revenge," commanded by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville, and a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• FLEET

fleet of fifty-three vessels . Under the active administration of the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de See also:

• POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, MARQUESS OF (1699-1782)

Pombal (1699-1782), considerable efforts were made for the improvement of the Azores, but the stupid and bigoted government which followed rather tended to destroy these benefits .

Towards the beginning of the 19th century, the possession of the islands, was contested by the claimants for the See also:

• CROWN

crown of Portugal . The adherents of the constitution, who supported against Miguel the rights of Maria (II.) da Gloria, obtained possession of Terceira in 1829, where they succeeded in maintaining themselves, and after various struggles, 'Queen Maria's authority was established over all the islands . She resided at Angra from 1830 to 1833 . For a general account of the islands, see The Azores, by W . F . See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker (London, 1886), and Madeira and the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary Islands, with the Azores, by A . S . Brown (London, 1901) . On the fauna and flora of the islands, the following books by H . See also:

• DROUET, JEAN BAPTISTE (1763-1824)

Drouet are useful:—Elements de la faune acoreenne (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1861); Mollusques marins See also:

• DES

des Iles Acores (1858), Leltres acoreennes (1862), and See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue de la flare des Iles Adores, precede de l'itineraire d'une voyage clans cet archipel (1866) . The progress of Azorian See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce is best shown in the British and American consular reports . For history, see La Conquista de See also:

• LAS

las Azores en 5583, by C .

See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez Duro (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1886), and Hisloire de la decouverte des ties Azores et de l'origine de leur See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination d'iles famandes, by J . Mees (See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, 1901) .