See also:

• AZYMITES (Gr. It-, without; Sµn, leaven)

AZYMITES (Gr. It-, without; Sµn, See also:

• LEAVEN (in Mid. Eng. levain, adapted from Fr. levain, in same sense, from Lat. levamen, which is only found in the sense of alleviation, comfort, levare, to lift up)

leaven)  , a name given by the Orthodox Eastern to the Western or Latin See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, because of the latter's use of unleavened See also:

• BREAD

bread in the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist, a practice which arose in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and is also observed by Armenians and See also:

• MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)

Maronites following the Jewish See also:

• PASSOVER

passover See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom . The Orthodox • Church strenuously maintains its point, arguing that the very name bread, the holiness of the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery, and the example of Jesus and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early church alike, testify against the use of unleavened bread in this connexion . See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . There he became acquainted with the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob See also:

• BOEHME (or BEHMEN), JAKOB (1575-1624)

Boehme, and with the ideas of See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume, See also:

• HARTLEY, DAVID (1705–1757)
• HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT (1845– )
• HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1825– )

Hartley and See also:

• GODWIN, FRANCIS (1562-1633)
• GODWIN, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)
• GODWIN, WILLIAM

Godwin, which were extremely distasteful to him . The mystical speculations of Meister See also:

• ECKHART

Eckhart, See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, and above all those of Boehme, were more in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with his mode of thought . In 1796 he returned from England, and in See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg became acquainted with F . H . See also:

• JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819)
• JACOBI, JOHANN GEORG (1740-1814)
• JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB (1804-1851)

Jacobi, with whom he was for years on terms of friendship . He new learned something of See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling, and the works he published during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were manifestly influenced by that philosopher . Yet See also:

• BAADER, FRANZ XAVER VON (1765–1841)

Baader is no See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of Schelling, and. probably gave out more than he received . Their friendship continued till about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1822, when Baader's denunciation of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia entirely alienated Schelling . All this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Baader continued to apply himself to his profession of engineer .

He gained a See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of 12,000 gulden (about £1000) for his new method of employing See also:

• GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF (1604-1668)

Glauber's salts instead of potash in the making of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . From 1817 to 1820 he held the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of mines, and was raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility for his services . He retired in 1820, and soon after published one of the best of his works, Fermenta Cognitionis, 6 parts, 1822-1825, in which he combats modern philosophy This letter corresponds to the second See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol in the Phoenician See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, and appears in the same position See also:

• BIN

Bin all the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European alphabets, except those derived, like the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian, from See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, in which the See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation of this symbol had changed from b to v . A new See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form had therefore to be invented for the genuine b in See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic, to which there was, at the period when the alphabet was adopted, no corresponding See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound in Greek . The new symbol, which occupies the second position, was made by removing the upper See also:

• LOOP

loop of B, thus producing a symbol somewhat resembling an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• LOWER

lower-See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case b . The old B retained the numerical value of the Greek (3 as 2, and no numerical value was given to the new symbol, In the Phoenician alphabet the earliest forms are 9 or more rounded 9 . The rounded form appears also in the earliest Aramaic (see ALPHABET) . Like some other alphabetic symbols it was not borrowed by Greek in its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original form . In the very early See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of See also:

• THERA

Thera (7oo–60o B.C.), written from right to See also:

• LEFT

left; it appears in a form resembling the ordinary Greek X; this form apparently arose from See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the Semitic symbol upside down . Its form in inscriptions of Melos, See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus, See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse and elsewhere in the 6th and 5th centuries suggests the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Aramaic forms in which the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the letter is opened, Y The Corinthian (U, I l and 7,, (also at Corcyra) and the r f of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine coins are other adaptations of the same symbol . The form C which it takes in the alphabets of See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos, See also:

• DELOS

Delos and other Ionic islands at the same period is difficult to explain . Otherwise its only variation is between pointed and rounded loops (g and B) .

The sound which the symbol represents is the voiced stop made by closing the lips and vibrating the vocal chords (see See also:

• PHONETICS (Gr. Davit, voice)

PHONETICS) . It differs from p by the presence of vibration of the vocal chords and from m because the nasal passage as well as the lips is closed . When an audible emission of breath attends its See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production the aspirate bh is formed . This sound was frequent in the See also:

• PRO

pro-ethnic period of the Indo-European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and survived into the Indo-See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan languages . According to the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of phonetic changes generally known as " See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm's See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law," an original b appears in See also:

• ENGLISH

English as p, an original bh as b . An original medial p preceding the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ACCENT

accent of the word also appears as b in English and the other members of the same See also:

• GROUP

group . It is not certain that any English word is descended from an original word beginning with b, though it has been suggested that peg is of the same origin as the Latin baculum and the Greek j3axrpov . When the lips are not tightly closed the sound produced is not a stop, but a spirant like the English w . In See also:

• LATE

Late Latin there was a tendency to this spirant pronunciation which appears as early as the beginning of the 2nd century A.D.; by the 3rd century b and consonantal u are inextricably confused . When this consonantal u (English w as seen in words borrowed very early from Latin like See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine) passed into the sound of English v (labio-dental) is not certain, but Germanic words borrowed into Latin in the 5th century A.D. have in their Latin See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation gu- for Germanic w-, guises corresponding to English See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and reborrowed indirectly as See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise . The earliest form of the name of the symbol which we can reach is the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew beth, to which the Phoenician must have been closely akin, as is shown by the Greek Ara, which is borrowed from it with a vowel affixed . (P .