KARL See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

ERNST VON See also:

• KARL ERNST VON BAER (1792-1876)
• BAER, WILLIAM JACOB (186o– )

BAER (1792-1876)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German biologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Piep, in See also:

• ESTHONIA (Ger. Ehstland and Ehshland, Esthonian Eestimae and Meie-maa, also Viroma and Rahvama; Lettish Iggaun Senna)

Esthonia, on the 29th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1792 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, a small landowner, sent him to school at See also:

• REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)

Reval, which he See also:

• LEFT

left in his eighteenth See also:

• YEAR

year to study See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine at Dorpat University . The lectures of K . F . Burdach (1776–1847) suggested See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research in the wider See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• HISTORY

history, and as at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany offered more facilities for, and greater encouragement to, scientific See also:

• WORK

work, von See also:

• BAER, KARL ERNST VON (1792-1876)
• BAER, WILLIAM JACOB (186o– )

Baer went to Wiirzburg, where J . I . J . Dellinger (1770-1841), father of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic theologian, was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy . In teaching von Baer, Dellinger gave a direction to his studies which secured his future pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence in the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of organic development . He collaborated with C . H . Pander (1794–1865) in researches on the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the chick, the results of which were first published in Burdach's See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology .

Continuing his investigations alone, von Baer ex-tended them to the evolution of organisms generally, and after asojourn at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin he was invited by his old teacher Burdach, who had become professor of anatomy at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg, to join him as prosector and See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the new zoological museum (18r7) . Von Baer's See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the human ovum is the subject of his Epistola de Ovo Mammalium et Hominis Genesi (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1827), and in the following year he published the first See also:

• PART

part of his History of the Evolution of Animals (Ueber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere), the second part following in 1837 . In this work he demonstrated first, that the Graafian follicles in the ovary are not the actual eggs, but that they contain the spherical vesicle, which is the true ovum, a See also:

• BODY

body about the one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and twentieth of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, wherein See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the properties transmitting the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and See also:

• MENTAL

mental characteristics of the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent or grandparent, or even of more remote ancestors . He next showed that in all vertebrates the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of cleavage of the fertilized See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg is followed bymodification into See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-like germ layers—skin, See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular, vascular and mucous—whence arise the several See also:

• ORGANS

organs of the body by differentiation . He further discovered the gelatinous, cylindrical See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord, known as the chorda dorsalis, which passes along the body of the embryo of vertebrates, in the See also:

• LOWER

lower types of which it is limited to the entire inner See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton, while in the higher the backbone and See also:

• SKULL

skull are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round it . His " See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of corresponding stages " in the development of vertebrate embryos was exemplified in the fact recorded by him about certain specimens preserved in spirit which he had omitted to See also:

• LABEL (a French word, now represented by lambeau, possibly a variant; it is of obscure origin and may be connected with a Teutonic word appearing in the English " lap," a flap or fold)

label . " I am quite unable to say to what class they belong . They may be lizards, or small birds, or very See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia, so See also:

• COMPLETE

complete is the similarity in the mode of formation of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk in these animals . The extremities are still absent, but even if they had existed in the earliest stage of the development we should learn nothing, because all arise from the same fundamental See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form." Again, in his History of Evolution he suggests, "Are not all animals in the beginning of their development essentially alike, and is there not a primary form See also:

• COMMON

common to all ?" (i. p . 223) . Notwithstanding this, the " telic " See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, with the archetypal theory which it involved, possessed von Baer to the end of his life, and explains his inability to accept the theory of unbroken descent with modification when it was propounded by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin and A . R .

See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace in 1858 . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of von Baer's discoveries has been far-reaching and abiding . Not only was he the See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of biological science to which See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour, gathering up the labours of many See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-workers, gave coherence in his See also:

• COMPARATIVE

Comparative See also:

• EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology (1881), but the impetus to T . H . See also:

• HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley's researches on the structure of the medusae came from him (Life, i . 163), and See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer found in von Baer's " law of development " the "law of all development " (Essays, i . 30) . In 1834 von Baer was appointed librarian of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences of St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg . In 1835 he published his Development of Fishes, and as the result of collection of all available See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information concerning the See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora of the Polar regions of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, he was appointed See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of an See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic expedition in 1837, The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his active life was occupied in See also:

• DIVERS

divers See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of research, See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological as well as biological, an outcome of the latter being his See also:

• FINE

fine monograph on the fishes of the Baltic and See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian Seas . One of the last See also:

• WORKS

works from his prolific See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen was an interesting autobiography published at the expense of the Esthonian nobles on the celebration of the See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee of his doctorate in 1864 . Three years afterwards he received the See also:

• COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737—1815)

Copley See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal . He died at Dorpat on the 28th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1876 .

(E .