See also:

• BAIDAWI ('Abdallah ibn 'Umar al-BaidawI)

BAIDAWI ('Abdallah See also:

• IBN

ibn 'See also:

• UMAR

Umar al-BaidawI)  , See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan critic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• FARS (the name Farsistan is not used)

Fars, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Atabek ruler See also:

• ABU

Abu Bakr See also:

• IBN

ibn Sa'd (1226–1260) . He himself became judge in See also:

• SHIRAZ

Shiraz, and died in See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz about 1286 . His chief See also:

• WORK

work is the commentary on the See also:

• KORAN

Koran entitled The Secrets of See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation and the Secrets of See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

Interpretation (Asrar uttanzil wa Asr¢r ut-ta' wil) . This work is in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main a See also:

• DIGEST

digest of the See also:

• GREAT

great Mu'tazalite commentary (al-Kashshaf) of See also:

• ZAMAKHSHARI [Abu-1 Qasim Mahmud ibn `Umar uz-Zamakhshari] (1074-1143)

Zamakhshari (q.v.) with omissions and additional notes . By the orthodox Moslems it is considered the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard commentary and almost See also:

• HOLY

holy, though it is not See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in its treatment of any See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of theological or linguistic knowledge of which it treats, and is not always accurate (cf . Th . See also:

• NOLDEKE
• NOLDEKE, THEODOR (1836— )

Noldeke's Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Qorans, See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, r86o, p . 29) . It has been edited by H . O . See also:

• FLEISCHER, HEINRICH LEBERECHT (1801-1888)

Fleischer (2 vols., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1846–1848; indices ed . W .

See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

Fell, Leipzig, 1878) . There are many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions published in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . A selection with numerous notes was edited by D . S . Margoliouth as Chrestomathia Beidawiana (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1894) . Many supercommentaries have been written on See also:

• BAIDAWI ('Abdallah ibn 'Umar al-BaidawI)

Baidawi's work . He was also the author of several theological See also:

• TREATISES

treatises . See C . Brockelmann's Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp . 416-418 . (G . W .

T.) BAIF, See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE DE (1532-1589), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet and member of the Pleiade, was born at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1532, He was the natural son of the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar Lazare de Baif, who was at that time French See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at Venice . Thanks, perhaps, to the surroundings of his childhood, he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up an enthusiast for the See also:

• FINE

fine arts, and surpassed in zeal all the leaders of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . His father spared no pains to secure the best possible See also:

• EDUCATION

education for his son . The boy was taught Latin by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ESTIENNE (or ETIENNE; the French form of the name; anglicized to Stephens, and latinized to Stephanus)

Estienne, and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek by Ange Vergece, the Cretan scholar and calligraphist who designed Greek types for See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I . When he was eleven years old he was put under the care of the famous Jean See also:

• DAURAT (or DORAT), JEAN (in Lat. AURATUS), (1508–1588)

Daurat (q.v.) . See also:

• RONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585)

Ronsard, who was eight years his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior, now began to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share his studies . See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude Binet tells how See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Baif, bred on Latin and Greek, smoothed out the tiresome beginnings of the Greek See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language for Ronsard, who in return initiated his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion into the mysteries of French versification . Baif possessed an extraordinary facility, and the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of his work has injured his reputation . Besides a number of volumes of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short poems of an amorous or congratulatory See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, he translated or paraphrased various pieces from See also:

• BION

Bion, See also:

• MOSCHUS

Moschus, See also:

• THEOCRITUS

Theocritus, See also:

• ANACREON

Anacreon, See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus and See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial . He resided in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and enjoyed the continued favour of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . He founded in 1567 an See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic de musique et de poesie,' with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of establishing a closer See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between See also:

• MUSIC

music and See also:

• POETRY

poetry; his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house became famous for the charming concerts which he gave, entertainments at which Charles IX. and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. frequently flattered him with their presence . Baif elaborated a See also:

• SYSTEM

system for regulating French versification by quantity .

In this he was not 'a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer . Jacques de la See also:

• TAILLE (from Fr. tailler, to cut or divide; late Lat. taliare, said to come from talia, talea)

Taille had written in 1562 the Maniere de faire des vers en See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais comme en grec et en latin (printed 1573), and other poets had made experiments in the same direction . The 16th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century poets did not realize the 1 For an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of this See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy see Edouard See also:

• FREMY, EDMOND (1814–1894)

Fremy, See also:

• LES

Les Origines de l'Academie Franeaise (1887) . incompatibility of the system of quantity with French See also:

• RHYTHM (Greek pvBµds, from bap, to flow)

rhythm . Baif's innovations included a See also:

• LINE

line of 15 syllables known as the vers baifin . He also meditated reforms in French spelling . His theories are exemplified in Etrenes de poezie Franzoeze an vers mezures (1514) . His See also:

• WORKS

works were published in 4 volumes, entitled Euvres en rime (1573), consisting of Amours, Jeux, Passetemps, et Poemes, containing, among much that is now hardly readable, some pieces of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and delicacy . His See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet on the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman de la See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose was said to contain the whole See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument of that celebrated work, and Colletet says it was on everybody's lips . He also wrote a celebrated sonnet in praise of the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew . Baif was the author of two comedies, L'Eunuque, 1565 (published 1573), a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• TERENCE

Terence, and Le Brave (1567), an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles Gloriosus, in which the characters of See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus are turned into Frenchmen, the See also:

• ACTION

action taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans . Baif published a collection of Latin See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse in, 1577, and in 1576 a popular See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Mimes, enseignemens et proverbes .

He died in 1589 . His father, Lazare de Baif,' published a translation of the See also:

• ELECTRA ('HMKTpa)

Electra of See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles in 1537, and afterwards a version of the See also:

• HECUBA (Gr. `Exa(3n)

Hecuba; he was an elegant writer of Latin verse, and is commended by See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim du Bellay as having introduced certain valuable words into the French language . The iEuvres en rime (g vols., 1881–1890) of J . A. de Baif See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PART

part of the Pleiade franQaise of M . Ch . Marty-Laveaux . See also Becq de Fouquieres, Poesies choisies de J . A. de Baif (1874), with a valuable introduction; and F . Brunetiere, Hist. de la lilt. franraise classique (1904, bk. iii. pp . 398-422) .