See also:

• BAIKAL (known to the Mongols as Dalai-nor, and to the Turkish tribes as Bai-kul)

BAIKAL (known to the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols as Dalai-nor, and to the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish tribes as Bai-kul)  , a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in See also:

• SIZE

size of all the lakes of the See also:

• WORLD

world and the largest fresh-See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of Eurasia . It stretches from S.W. to N.E . (51° 29' to 550 50' N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 103° 40' to 11o° E. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long.), separating the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• IRKUTSK

Irkutsk from that of See also:

• TRANSBAIKALIA (sometimes also known as Muria)

Transbaikalia, and has a length of 386 m. and a width of from 20 M. to 50 M . Its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity penetrates into the high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and the lake lies entirely in the Alpine See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone which fringes that plateau on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 13,200 sq . M., i.e. nearly as See also:

• GREAT

great as See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . The length of its See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line is 525 M. along the western, and 64o m. along the eastern See also:

• SHORE

shore . Its See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude has been estimated at 1587 ft . (Chersky) and at 1679 ft . (See also:

• SUESS, EDUARD (1831– )

Suess)—118 ft. above the level of the Angara at Irkutsk (Zapiski Russ . Geog . See also:

• SOC

Soc. xv., 1885); but 1500 ft. would seem to be a more correct altitude (Izvestia East Sib .

See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch, See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . 1, 1897), Its level is subject to slight oscillations, and after a heavy five See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain in 1869 it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose 7 ft., an immense territory at the mouth of the Selenga being submerged . A hydrographic survey of this lake was made by Drizhenko in 1897–1902 . The elongated hilly See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Olkhon, and the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Svyatoi Nos, which forms its continuation on the opposite eastern shore, See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the lake into two basins . The deepest See also:

• PART

part is in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Khamardaban border-See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of the high plateau . An elongated trough, 66 m. long, reaches there a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of over 600 fathoms, with a maximum depth of 88o fathoms, i.e. about 5280 ft. below the level of the ocean . As a See also:

• RULE

rule the bottom of the lake has very steep slopes : the Too-See also:

• FATHOM

fathom and even the 250-fathom lines run See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the shores, that is to say, the steepness of the surrounding mountains (4600 to 6000 ft.) continues beneath the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . At the mouth of the Selenga, however, which enters from the south-east, pouring into it the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters and the alluvial deposits from a drainage area of 173,500 sq . M., a wide See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta is thrust out into the lake, reducing its width to 20 M. and spreading under its waters, so as to leave only a narrow channel, 230 to 247 fathoms deep, along the opposite coast . The depth of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle portion of the lake has not yet been measured, but must exceed 500 fathoms . It was expected that an under-ground ridge would be found connecting Olkhon with Svyatoi Nos; but depths exceeding 622 fathoms have been sounded even along that line . As to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern basin, the configuration of its bottom is in accordance with the high mountains which ' See L .

Pinvert, Lazare de Baif, 1496 ?–1547 (1900) . 215 surround it, and most of its area has a depth exceeding 400 fathoms, the maximum depths along three lines of soundings taken across it being 491, 485, and 476 fathoms respectively . The water is beautifully clear . Temperature.—The surface-layers of this immense basin are heated in the summer up to temperatures of 551° to 570 F., both close to the shores and at some distance from the mouth of the Selenga ; but these warmer layers are not deep, and a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform temperature of nearly 39° F. is generally found at a depth of 20 fathoms, as also on the surface in the middle of the lake . At a depth of 500 fathoms there is a nearly uniform temperature of 38° . At various places See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the shores, e.g. the mouth of the Barguzin, hot springs exist . The lake freezes usually at the end of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, or in the beginning of See also:

• JANUARY

January, so solidly that a temporary See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse station is erected on the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice in the middle of the lake, and it remains frozen till the second See also:

• HALF

half of May . The evaporation from this large basin exercises a certain See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, while the absorption of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat for the thawing of the ice has a notable cooling effect in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early summer . See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers.—Lake See also:

• BAIKAL (known to the Mongols as Dalai-nor, and to the Turkish tribes as Bai-kul)

Baikal receives over 300 streams, mostly See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain torrents, besides the Upper Angara, which enters its north-east extremity, the Barguzin, on the east, and the Selenga on the south-east . Its only outflow is the See also:

• LOWER

lower Angara, which issues through a rocky cleft on the west shore . The Irkut no longer reaches the Baikal, though it once did so . After approaching its south-west extremity it abandons the broad valley which leads to the lake, and makes its way northwards through a narrow See also:

• GAP

gap in the mountains and joins the Angara at Irkutsk .

Mountains.—With the exception of the delta of the Selenga, Lake Baikal is surrounded by lofty mountains . The Khamardaban border-ridge (the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of a mountain of the same name is 5300 ft. above the lake), falling with steep cliffs towards the lake, fringes it on the south; a massive, deeply-ravined highland occupies the space between the Irkut and the Angara; the Onot and Baikal ridges (also Primorskiy) run along its north-west shore, striking it diagonally; an Alpine complex of yet unexplored mountains rises on its north-east shore; the Barguzin range impinges upon it obliquely in the east; and the Ulanburgasu mountains intrude into the delta of the Selenga . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—It is certain that in previous See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological ages Lake Baikal had a much greater See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension . It stretched westwards into the valley of the Irkut, and up the lower valleys of the Upper Angara and the Barguzin . Volcanic activity took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place around its shores at the end of the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary or during the See also:

• QUATERNARY

Quaternary See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, and great streams of See also:

• LAVA

lava See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the Sayan and Khamar-daban mountains, as well as the valley of Irkut . See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth-quakes are still frequent along its shores . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The fauna, explored by Dybowski and Godlewski, and in 'goo–2 by Korotnev, is much richer than it was supposed to be, and has quite an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; but hypotheses as to a See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication having existed between Lake Baikal and the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Ocean during the Pest-Tertiary or Tertiary ages are not proved . Still, Lake Baikal has a See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal (Phoca vitulina, Phoca haikalensis of Dybowski) quite akin to the See also:

• SEALS

seals of See also:

• SPITSBERGEN (the name being Dutch is incorrectly, though commonly, spelled Spitzbergen)

Spitsbergen, marine See also:

• SPONGES

sponges, polychaetes, a marine mollusc (ancilodoris), and some marine gammarids . The waters of the lake swarm with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish (sturgeons and salrnonidae), and its See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring (See also:

• SALINA

Salina omul) is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief product of the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, though notably fewer have been taken within the last See also:

• FORTY

forty or fifty years . Planktonis very abundant . The little Lake Frolikha, situated close to the northern extremity of Lake Baikal and communicating with it by means of a See also:

• RIVER

river of the same name, contains a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, Salmo erythreas, which is not known elsewhere . Generally, while there is a relative poverty of zoological See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, there is a great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of species within the See also:

• GROUP

group .

Of gammarids, there are as many as 300 species, and those living at great depths (330 to 380 fathoms) tend to assume abyssal characters similar to those displayed by the deep-See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea fauna of the ocean . See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation.—Navigation of the lake is rendered difficult both by sudden storms and by the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good bays and ports . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PORT

port on the western shore, Listvinichnoe, near the outflow of the Angara, is an open roadstead at the foot of steep mountains . Steamers ply from it weekly to Misovaya (Posolskoe) on the opposite shore, a few times a See also:

• YEAR

year to Verkhne-Angarsk, at the northern extremity of the lake, and frequently to the mouth of the Selenga . Steamers ascend this river as far as Bilyutai, near the Mongolian frontier, and bring back See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea, imported via See also:

• KIAKHTA

Kiakhta, while See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar nuts, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, soda, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• TIMBER

timber are shipped on rafts down the Khilok, Chikoi and Uda (tributaries of the Selenga), and manufactured goods are taken up the river for export to See also:

• CHINA

China . Attempts are being made to render the Angara navigable below Irkutsk down to the See also:

• YENISEI

Yenisei . In See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, when the lake is covered with ice 3 ft. to 4 ft. thick, it is crossed on sledges from Listvinichnoe to Misovaya . But a See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway, available all the year round, was made in 1863-1864 around its southern shore, partly by See also:

• BLASTING

blasting the cliffs, and it is now (since 1905) followed by the trans-Siberian railway . Further, a powerful ice-breaker is used to See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

ferry trains across from Listvinichnoe to -Misovaya .