MIKHAIL See also:

• MIKHAIL BAKUNIN (1814-1876)

BAKUNIN (1814-1876)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian anarchist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of an aristocratic See also:

• FAMILY

family at Torjok, in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• TVER

Tver, in 1814 . As an officer of the Imperial Guard, he saw service in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, but resigned his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission from a disgust of despotism aroused by witnessing the repressive methods employed against the Poles . He proceeded to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, studied See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, and soon got into See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the leaders of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . Thence he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he met See also:

• PROUDHON, PIERRE JOSEPH (1809-1865)

Proudhon and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand, and also made the acquaintance of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• POLISH

Polish exiles . From Paris he journeyed to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, where he resided for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, taking an active See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in all socialistic movements . While in Switzerland he was ordered by the Russian government to return to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and on his refusal his See also:

• PROPERTY

property was confiscated . In 1848, on his return to Paris, he published a violent tirade against Russia, which caused his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The revolutionary movement of 1848 gave him the opportunity of entering upon a violent See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of democratic agitation, and for his participation in the See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden insurrection of 1849 he was arrested and condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death . The death See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, however, was commuted to imprisonment for See also:

• LIFE

life, and he was eventually handed over to the Russian authorities, by whom he was imprisoned and finally sent to eastern See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia in 1855 . He received permission to remove to the See also:

• AMUR
• AMUR (known also as the Sakhalin-ula)

Amur region, whence he succeeded in escaping, making his way through See also:

• JAPAN

Japan and the See also:

• UNITED

United States to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 186x . He spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, principally in Switzerland . In 1869 he founded the Social Democratic See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance, which, how-ever, dissolved in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, and joined the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International (q.v.) .

In 1870 he attempted a rising at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons on the principles afterwards exemplified by the Paris See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune . At the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of the International in 1872 he was outvoted and expelled by the See also:

• MARX, HEINRICH KARL (1818-1883)

Marx party . He retired to See also:

• LUGANO (Ger. Lauis)
• LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO)

Lugano in 1873 and died at See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern on the 13th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1876 . Nothing can be clearer or more See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank and comprehensive in its destructiveness than the revolutionary See also:

• ANARCHISM (from the Gr. av-, and (Ipxrt, contrary to authority)

anarchism of See also:

• BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL (1814-1876)

Bakunin . He rejects all the ideal systems in every name and shape, from the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• GOD

God downwards; and every See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external authority, whether emanating from the will of a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign or from universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . " The See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man," he says in his Dieu et l Etat (published posthumously in 1882) " consists solely in this, that he obeys the See also:

• LAWS

laws of nature, because he has himself recognized them as such, and not because they have been imposed upon him externally by any See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign will whatsoever, human or divine, collective or individual." In this way will the whole problem of freedom be solved. that natural laws be ascertained by scientific See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, and the knowledge of them be universally diffused among the masses . Natural laws being thus recognized by every man for himself, he cannot but obey them, for they are the laws also of his own nature; and the need for See also:

• POLITICAL

political organization,See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and legislation will at once disappear . Nor will he admit of any privileged position or class, for " it is the peculiarity of See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege and of every privileged position to kill the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of man . The privileged man, whether he be privileged politically or economically, is a man depraved in intellect and heart." " In a word, we See also:

• OBJECT

object to all legislation, all authority, and all See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, privileged, patented, See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official and legal, even when it has proceeded from universal suffrage, convinced that it must always turn to the profit of a dominating and exploiting minority, against the interests of the immense See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority enslaved." Bakunin's methods of realizing his revolutionary See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme are not less frank and destructive than his principles . The revolutionist, as he would recommend him to be, is a consecrated man, who will allow no private interests or feelings, and no scruples of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, patriotism or morality, to turn him aside from his See also:

• MISSION

mission, the aim of which is by all available means to overturn the existing society . (See ANARCHISM.) BA-KWIRI, a See also:

• BANTU

Bantu nation of German Cameroon, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . According to tradition they are migrants from the eastward .

The " Brushmen," for that is the meaning of their name, are grouped in about sixty See also:

• SEPARATE

separate clans . They are a lively intelligent See also:

• PEOPLE

people, brave fighters and daring hunters, and in their love of songs, See also:

• MUSIC

music and elocution are See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to many See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro races . Their domestic affections are strongly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . Their chief See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical peculiarity is the See also:

• GREAT

great disparity between the See also:

• SIZE

size and complexion of the sexes, most of the See also:

• WOMEN

women being much shorter and far lighter in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour than the men . The Ba-Kwiri are generous and open-handed among themselves; but the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• BLOOD

blood for blood is mercilessly fulfilled, even in cases of accidental See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide . Their religion is ancestor-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship blended with See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft and magic . They believe in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, those of the forests and seas being especially feared . In See also:

• COMMON

common with their neighbours the See also:

• DUALLA

Dualla (q.v.) the Ba-Kwiri possess a curious See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . By drum-tapping See also:

• NEWS

news is conveyed from See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan to clan . Slaves and women are not allowed to See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master this language, but all the initiated are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to repeat it so as to pass the messages on . The Ba-Kwiri have also a See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn language See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to themselves .