BALASORE  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, in the See also:

• ORISSA

Orissa See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal . The town is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal one and the administrative headquarters of the district, and is situated on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river Burabalang, about 7 M. from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast as the See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow flies and 16 m. by the river . There is a station on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Coast railway . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Balasore, formed in 1642, and that of Pippli in its neighbourhood seven years earlier, became the basis of the future greatness of the British in India . The servants of the East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company here fortified themselves in a strong position, and carried on a brisk investment in See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country goods, chiefly cottons and muslins . They flourished in spite of the oppressions of the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, and when needful asserted their claims to respect by arms . In 1688, affairs having come to a crisis, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath, See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the company's See also:

• SHIPS

ships, bombarded the town . In the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Balasore rapidly declined in importance, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a dangerous See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar which formed across the mouth of the river . At See also:

• PRESENT

present the bar has 12 to 15 ft. of See also:

• WATER

water at See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-tides, but not more than 2 or 3 ft. at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low water in the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . Large ships have to See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor outside in the open roadstead . The town still possesses a large maritime See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, despite the silting-up of the river mouth . Pop .

(1901) 20,880 . The district forms a See also:

• STRIP

strip of alluvial See also:

• LAND

land between the hills and the sea, varying from about 9 to 34 M. in breadth; See also:

• AREA

area, 2085 sq. m . The See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill country rises from the western boundary See also:

• LINE

line . The district naturally divides itself into three well-defined tracts —(1) The See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, along the coast; (2) The arable tract, or See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice country; and (3) The submontane tract, or See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle lands . The salt tract runs the whole way down the coast, and forms a desolate strip a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles broad . Towards the See also:

• BEACH

beach it rises into sandy ridges, from 50 to 8o ft. high, sloping inland and covered with a vegetation of low scrub jungle . Sluggish brackish streams creep along between See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of fetid See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black mud . The sandhills on the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of the ocean are carpeted with creepers and the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild convolvulus . Inland, it spreads out into prairies of coarse See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long grass and scrub jungle, which See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour wild animals in plenty; but throughout this vast region there is scarcely a See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet, and only patches of rice cultivation at long intervals . From any See also:

• PART

part of the salt tract one may see the boundary of the inner arable part of the district fringed with long lines of trees, from which every See also:

• MORNING

morning the villagers drive their See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle out into the saliferous plains to graze . The salt tract is purely alluvial, and appears to be of See also:

• RECENT

recent date . Towards the coast the See also:

• SOIL

soil has a distinctly saline See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste .

Salt used to be largely manufactured in the district by evaporation, but the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The arable tract lies beyond the salt lands, and embraces the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief part of the district . It is a long dead-level of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, with a soil lighter in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour than that of Bengal or See also:

• BEHAR, or BIHAR

Behar; much more friable, and See also:

• APT

apt to split up into small cubes with a rectangular cleavage . A See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar feature of the arable tract is the Pats (literally cups) or depressed lands near the river-banks . They were probably marshes that have partially silted up by the yearly overflow of the streams . These pats See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the finest crops . - As a whole, the arable tract is a treeless region, except around the villages, which are en-circled by See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MANGO

mango, pipal, See also:

• BANYAN, or BANIAN (an Arab corruption, borrowed by the Portuguese from the Sanskrit vanij, " merchant ")

banyan and See also:

• TAMARIND

tamarind trees, and intersected with See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green shady lanes of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo . A few palmyras, date-palms and See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw-pines (a sort of See also:

• ALOE

aloe, whose leaves are armed with formidable triple rows of See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook-shaped thorns) dot the expanse or run in straight lines between the fields . The sub-montane tract is an undulating country with a red soil, much broken up into ravines along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the hills . Masses of See also:

• LATERITE (Lat. later, a brick)

laterite, buried in hard ferruginous See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop up as rocks or slabs . At Kopari, in Kila Ambohata, about 2 sq. m. are almost paved with such slabs, dark-red in colour, perfectly See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and polished like plates of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . A thousand See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain torrents have scooped out for themselves picturesque ravines, clothed with an ever-fresh verdure of prickly thorns, stunted gnarled shrubs, and here and there a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree .

Large tracts are covered with sal jungle, which nowhere, however, attains to any See also:

• GREAT

great height . Balasore district is watered by six distinct river systems: those of the Subanrekha, the Burabalang, the Jamka, the Kansbans and the Dhamra . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate greatly varies according to the seasons of the See also:

• YEAR

year . The hot season lasts from See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March to See also:

• JUNE

June, but is tempered by cool sea-breezes; from June to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and oppressive; and from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold season brings the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-easterly winds, with cool mornings and evenings . Almost the only crop grown is rice, which is largely exported by sea . The country is exposed to destructive floods from the hill-See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and also from cyclonic See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm-waves . The district is traversed throughout its entire length by the navigable Orissa coast See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, and also by the East Coast railway from See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta to See also:

• MADRAS

Madras . The seaports of Balasore, Chandbali and Dhamra conduct a very large See also:

• COASTING

coasting trade . The exports are almost confined to rice, which is sent to See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, the Maldives and See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius . The imports consist of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton twist and piece goods, See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, metals, betel-nuts and salt . In 1901 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was 1,071,197, an increase of 9 % in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade .