See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

BALDWIN I  ., See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• EDESSA
• EDESSA (mod. , Vodena)

Edessa (1098-1100), and first See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (1 oo-III8), was the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey of See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon (q.v.) . He was originally a clerk in orders, and held several prebends; but in ro96 he joined the first crusade, and accompanied his brother Godfrey as far as See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . When See also:

• TANCRED (d. 1112)
• TANCRED (d. 1194)

Tancred See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of the crusaders at Heraclea, and marched into See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia, See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin followed, partly in See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy, partly from the same See also:

• POLITICAL

political motives which animated Tancred . He wrested See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus from Tancred's grip (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1097), and left there a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of his own . After rejoining the main See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at See also:

• MARASH (anc. Germanicia-Marasion)

Marash, he received an invitation from an Armenian named Pakrad, and moved eastwards towards the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, where he occupied Tell-bashir . Another invitation followed from Thoros of Edessa; and to Edessa Baldwin came, first as See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, and then, when Thoros was assassinated, as his successor (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1098) . For two years he ruled in Edessa (1098-1100), marryingan Armenian wife, and acting generally as the intermediary between the crusaders and the Armenians . During these two years he was successful in maintaining his ground, both against the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers by which he was surrounded, and from which he won See also:

• SAMOSATA (Eau6vara, -arum, Ptol. v. 15 § r 1 ; Strabo xvi. 749)

Samosata and Seruj (Sarorgia), and against a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of his own subjects in ro98 . At the end of 1099 he visited Jerusalem along with See also:

• BOHEMUND

Bohemund I.; but he returned to Edessa in See also:

• JANUARY

January 11oo . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Godfrey he was summoned by a party,in Jerusalem to succeed to his brother . A See also:

• LAY

lay reaction against the theocratic pretensions of Dagobert, who was counting on See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman support, was responsible for the See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons; and in the strength of that reaction Baldwin was able to become the first king of Jerusalem . He was crowned on See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day, 'See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo, by the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch himself; but the struggle of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was not yet over, and in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot Baldwin had Dagobert suspended by a papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, while later in the See also:

• YEAR

year the two disagreed on the question of the contribution to be made by the patriarch towards the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land .

The struggle ended in the deposition of Dagobert and the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of Baldwin (1102) . As Baldwin had secured the supremacy of the lay See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in Jerusalem, so he extended into a compact See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom the poor and straggling territories to which he had succeeded . This he did by an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian trading towns, especially See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, which supplied in return for the concession of a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter in the conquered towns, the See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments and the skill for a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of sieges, in which the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast towns of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine were successively reduced . See also:

• ARSUF

Arsuf and Caesarea were captured in i'oi; See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre in 1104; See also:

• BEIRUT

Beirut and See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon in r See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito (the latter with the aid of the Venetians and Norwegians) . Meanwhile Baldwin repelled in successive years the attacks of the Egyptians (1102, 1103, 11o5), and in the latter years of his reign (1115–1118) he even pushed See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward at the expense of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, penetrating as far as the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and planting an outpost at Monreal . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north he had to compose the dissensions of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian princes in See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch and Edessa (1109–IIIo), and to help them to maintain their ground against the Mahommedan princes of N.E . See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, especially Maudud and Aksunk-ur, amirs of See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul . In this way Baldwin was able to make himself into See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical suzerain of the three Christian principalities of the north, though the See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty was, and always continued to be, somewhat nominal . In 1118 he died, after an expedition to Egypt, during which he captured Farama, and, as old See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller says, " caught many See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, and his death in eating them." Baldwin was one of the " adventurer princes " of the first crusade, and as such he stands alongside of Bohemund, Tancred and See also:

• RAYMUND

Raymund . On the whole he was the most successful of his class . By his defence of the lay power against a nascent See also:

• THEOCRACY (Gr. Oeoeparia, the rule of God, from Oebr, god, and -Kparca, Kpare v, to rule)

theocracy, and by his alliance with the Italian towns, he was the real founder of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem . Events worked for him: he might never have come to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, unless Bohemund had fallen into the hands of Danishmend; and the dissensions among the Mahommedans alone made possible the subsequent consolidation of his kingdom .

But he had See also:

• VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus as well as See also:

• FORTUNA (FORTUNE)

fortuna; and on his tombstone it was written that he was " a second Judas Maccabaeus, whom Kedar and Egypt, See also:

• DAN

Dan and See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus dreaded." As king, he still retained something of the clerk in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of his See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress; but he was at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior so impetuous, as to be sometimes foolhardy, and his policy was on the whole See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-clerical . He may be accused of greed: his See also:

• LIFE

life was not chaste; and the two defects met in his rejection of his Armenian wife and his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich Sicilian widow See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide (1113) . But " on the holiest See also:

• SOIL

soil of See also:

• HISTORY

history, he gave his See also:

• PEOPLE

people a fatherland "; and See also:

• FULCHER (or FoucriEa) OF CHARTRES (Io58-c. 1130)

Fulcher of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, his See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain, who paints at the beginning of Baldwin's reign the terrors of the lonely See also:

• BAND

band of Christians in the midst of their foes, can celebrate at the end the formation of a new nation in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East (qui fuimus occidentales, nunc facti sumus orientales)—an achievement which, so far as it was the See also:

• WORK

work of any one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, was the work of Baldwin I . Jerusalem during his reign, is the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary authority for Baldwin's career . There is a monograph on Baldwin by See also:

• WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754)
• WOLFF, CASPAR FRIEDRICH (1733-1794)
• WOLFF, JOSEPH (1795–1862)

Wolff (See also:

• KONG

Kong Baldwin I. von Jerusalem), and his reign is sketched in R . Rohricht's Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Ronigreichs Jerusalem See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1898) C. i.-iv . (E .