See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

BALDWIN III  ., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (1143–1162), was the eldest son of See also:

• FULK
• FULK (d. goo)

Fulk of Jerusalem by his wife Melisinda . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in1130, and became king in 1143, under the regency of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, which lasted till 1152 . He came to the See also:

• THRONE

throne at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the attacks of the Greeks in See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia, and of Zengi on See also:

• EDESSA
• EDESSA (mod. , Vodena)

Edessa, were fatally weakening the position of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SYRIA

Syria; and from the beginning of his reign the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Latin See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Jerusalem may be said to be slowly declining, though as yet there is little outward trace of its decay to be seen . Edessa was lost, however, in the See also:

• YEAR

year after See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin's See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession, and the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest by Zengi of this farthest and most important outpost in northern Syria was already a serious See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the kingdom . Upon it in 1147 there followed the second crusade; and in that crusade Baldwin III., now some eighteen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, played his See also:

• PART

part by the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad III. and See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII . He received them in Jerusalem in 1148; with them he planned the attack on See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus and with them he signally failed in the attack . In 1149, after the failure of the crusade, Baldwin III. appeared in See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, where the fall of See also:

• RAYMUND

Raymund, the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of the princess See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, made his presence necessary . He regulated affairs in Antioch, and tried to strengthen the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine generally against the See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of Zengi's successor, Nureddin, by renewing the old and politic See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Damascus interrupted since 1147, and by ceding Tellbashir, the one remnant of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Edessa, to See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . In 1152 came the inevitable struggle between the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young king and his mother, who had ruled with See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and vigour during the regency and was unwilling to See also:

• LAY

lay down the reins of power . Baldwin originally planned a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, as the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal of his emancipation . Dissuaded from that course, he nevertheless wore his See also:

• CROWN

crown publicly in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre . A struggle followed: in the issue, Baldwin agreed to leave his mother in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Jerusalem and Nablus, while he retained See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre and See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre for himself .

But he repented of the bargain; and a new struggle began, in which Baldwin recovered, after some fighting, the possession of his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . From these See also:

• INTERNAL

internal dissensions Baldwin was now summoned to the north, to regulate anew the affairs of Antioch and also those of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, where the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Raymund had thrown on his shoulders the cares of a second regency . On his return to Jerusalem he was successful in repelling an attack by an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of Turcomans; and his success encouraged him to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• ASCALON

Ascalon in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1153 . He was successful: the " See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride of Syria," which had all but become the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the crusaders in 1099, but had since defied the arms of the Franks for See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, became part of the kingdom of Jerusalem . From 1156 to 1158 Baldwin was occupied in hostilities with Nureddin . In 1156 he had to submit to a treaty which cut See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short his territories; in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1157–1158 he besieged and captured Harim, in the territory once belonging to Antioch: in 1158 he defeated Nureddin himself . In the same year Baldwin married See also:

• THEODORA
• THEODORA (d. 1057)

Theodora, a near relative of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Manuel; while in 1 159 he received a visit from Manuel himself at Antioch . The Latin king rode behind the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek emperor, without any of the insignia of his dignity, at the entry into Antioch; but their relations were of the friendliest, and Manuel—as See also:

• GREAT

great a physician as he was a See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter—personally attended to Baldwin when the king was thrown from his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse in attempting to equal the emperor's feats of See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship . In the same year Baldwin had to undertake the regency in Antioch once more, Raynald of See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon, the second husband of Constance, being captured in See also:

• BATTLE

battle . Three years later he died (1162), without male issue, and was succeeded by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• AMALRIC
• AMALRIC (Fr. AMAURY) OF BENA (d. c. 1204-1207)

Amalric I . Baldwin III. was the first of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Jerusalem who was a native of the See also:

• SOIL

soil of Palestine . His three predecessors had all been emigrants from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West .

His reign also marks a new departure from another point of view . His predecessors had been men of a type half military, half clerical—at once hard fighters and See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound churchmen . Baldwin was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of a subtler type—a man capable of dealing with the intrigues of a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and with problems of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and, as such, suited for guiding the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle age of the kingdom, which the different qualities of his predecessors had been equally suited to found . Like his brother, Amalric I., he was a clerkly and studious king versed in law, and ready to discuss points of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma . In an excellent See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of Baldwin's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character (xvi. cii.), See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of Tyre tells us that he spent his spare time in See also:

• READING

reading and had a particular See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for See also:

• HISTORY

history; that he was well skilled in the See also:

• JUS

jus consuetudinarium of the kingdom (afterwards recorded by lawyers like See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Ibelin and See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• NOVARA

Novara as " the assizes of Jerusalem "); and that he had the royal See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty for remembering faces, and could generally be trusted to address by name anybody whom he had once met, so that he was more popular with high and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low than any of his predecessors . He had, William also reports, a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

• IMPROMPTU (from in promptu, on the spur of the moment)

impromptu eloquence, and a faculty both for saying witty things pleasantly at other See also:

• PEOPLE

people's expense and for listening placidly to witticisms directed against himself; while he was generous to excess without needing to make ex-actions in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to support his generosity, and always respected the Church .