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LUDWIG See also: German economist and politician, was See also: born of Jewish parents on the 22nd of See also: July 1823 at See also: Mainz
.
After studying at See also: Giessen, See also: Heidelberg and See also: Gottingen, he entered on the practice of the See also: law
.
When the revolution of 1848 broke out he took an active See also: part as one of the Ieaders of the republican party in his native city, both as popular orator and as editor of one of the See also: local papers
.
In 1849 he took part in the republican rising in the See also: Palatinate and See also: Baden; on the restoration of See also: order he was condemned to See also: death, but he had escaped to See also: Switzerland
.
The next years he spent in exile, at first in See also: London, then in See also: Holland; in 1852 he went to
See also: Paris, where, by means of private connexions, he received an See also: appointment in the See also: bank of Bischoffheim & See also: Goldschmidt, of which he became managing director, a See also: post which he held till 1866
.
During these years he saved a competence and gained a thorough acquaintance with the theory and practice of See also: finance
.
This he put to account when the amnesty of 1866 enabled him to return to See also: Germany
.
He was elected a member of the Reichstag, where he joined the See also: National Liberal party, for like many other exiles he was willing to accept the results of Bismarck's See also: work
.
In 1868 he published a See also: short See also: life of Bismarck in French, with the See also: object of producing a better understanding of German affairs, and in 1870, owing to his intimate acquaintance with See also: France and with finance, he was summoned by Bismarck to See also: Versailles to help in the discussion of terms of See also: peace
.
In the German Reichstag he was the leading authority on matters of finance and See also: economics, as well as a clear and persuasive See also: speaker, and it was chiefly owing to him that a gold currency was adopted and that the German Imperial Bank took its See also: present See also: form; in his later years he wrote and spoke strongly against See also: bimetallism
.
He was the See also: leader of the See also: free traders, and after 1878 refused to follow Bismarck in his new policy of See also: protection, See also: state See also: socialism and colonial development; in a celebrated speech he declared that the See also: day on which it was introduced was a See also: dies nefaslus for Germany
.
True to his free See also: trade principles he and a number of followers See also: left the National Liberal party and formed the so-called " See also: Secession " in 1880
.
Hewas one of the few prominent politicians who consistently maintained the struggle against state socialism on the one See also: hand and democratic socialism on the other
.
In 1892 be retired from See also: political life and died in 1899
.
See also: Bamberger was a clear and attractive writer and was a frequent contributor on political and economic questions to the Nation and other See also: periodicals
.
His most important See also: works are those on the currency, on the French war-indemnity, his See also: criticism of socialism and his See also: apology for the Secession
.
An edition of his collected works (including the French life of Bismarck) was published in 1894 in five volumes
.
After his death in 1899 appeared a See also: volume of reminiscences, which, though it does not extend beyond 1866, gives an interesting picture of his share in the revolution of 1848, and of his life in Paris
.
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