See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG See also:

• LUDWIG BAMBERGER (1823-1899)

BAMBERGER (1823-1899)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German economist and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of Jewish parents on the 22nd of See also:

• JULY

July 1823 at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz . After studying at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, he entered on the practice of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . When the revolution of 1848 See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out he took an active See also:

• PART

part as one of the Ieaders of the republican party in his native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, both as popular orator and as editor of one of the See also:

• LOCAL

local papers . In 1849 he took part in the republican rising in the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate and See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden; on the restoration of See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order he was condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death, but he had escaped to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . The next years he spent in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, at first in See also:

• LONDON

London, then in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland; in 1852 he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where, by means of private connexions, he received an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in the See also:

• BANK

bank of Bischoffheim & See also:

• GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (1802-1866)

Goldschmidt, of which he became managing director, a See also:

• POST

post which he held till 1866 . During these years he saved a competence and gained a thorough acquaintance with the theory and practice of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . This he put to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account when the See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty of 1866 enabled him to return to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . He was elected a member of the Reichstag, where he joined the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Liberal party, for like many other exiles he was willing to accept the results of See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck's See also:

• WORK

work . In 1868 he published a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• LIFE

life of Bismarck in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of producing a better understanding of German affairs, and in 1870, owing to his intimate acquaintance with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and with finance, he was summoned by Bismarck to See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles to help in the discussion of terms of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . In the German Reichstag he was the leading authority on matters of finance and See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics, as well as a clear and persuasive See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker, and it was chiefly owing to him that a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold currency was adopted and that the German Imperial Bank took its See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; in his later years he wrote and spoke strongly against See also:

• BIMETALLISM

bimetallism . He was the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• FREE

free traders, and after 1878 refused to follow Bismarck in his new policy of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism and colonial development; in a celebrated speech he declared that the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on which it was introduced was a See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies nefaslus for Germany . True to his free See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade principles he and a number of followers See also:

• LEFT

left the National Liberal party and formed the so-called " See also:

• SECESSION

Secession " in 1880 .

Hewas one of the few prominent politicians who consistently maintained the struggle against state socialism on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and democratic socialism on the other . In 1892 be retired from See also:

• POLITICAL

political life and died in 1899 . See also:

• BAMBERGER, LUDWIG (1823-1899)

Bamberger was a clear and attractive writer and was a frequent contributor on political and economic questions to the Nation and other See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals . His most important See also:

• WORKS

works are those on the currency, on the French See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war-See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity, his See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of socialism and his See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for the Secession . An edition of his collected works (including the French life of Bismarck) was published in 1894 in five volumes . After his death in 1899 appeared a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of reminiscences, which, though it does not extend beyond 1866, gives an interesting picture of his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the revolution of 1848, and of his life in Paris . (J . W .