BAPTISM  . The Gr. words 0arriuµos and /Sarni r a (both of which occur in the New Testament) signify " ceremonial washing," from the verb /3arri-w, the shorter See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form /3arrw meaning " See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip " without See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual significance (e.g. the See also:

• FINGER

finger in See also:

• WATER

water, a robe in See also:

• BLOOD

blood) . That a ritual washing away of See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin characterized other religions than the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, the Fathers of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church were aware, and See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian notices, in his See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract On Baptism (ch. v.), that the votaries of See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis and See also:

• MITHRAS

Mithras were initiated per lavacrum, " through a See also:

• FONT (Lat. fans, " fountain " or " spring," Ital. fonte, Fr. les fonts)

font," and that in the Ludi Apollinares et Eleusinii, i.e. the mysteries of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo and See also:

• ELEUSIS

Eleusis, men were baptized (tinguntur, Tertullian's favourite word for baptism), and, what is more, baptized, as they presumed to think, " unto regeneration and exemption from the See also:

• GUILT

guilt of their perjuries." " Among the ancients," he adds, " anyone who had stained himself with See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide went in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters that could purge him of his guilt." The texts of the New Testament See also:

• RELATING

relating to Christian baptism, given roughly in See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, are the following: A.D . 55-60, Rom. vi . 3, 4; t See also:

• COR

Cor. i . 12-17, vi . II, X . 1-4, xii . 13, RV . 29; Gal. iii . 27 . A.D .

6o-65, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col. ii . 11, 12; Eph. iv . 5, V . 26 . A.D . 60-7o, See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark x . 38, 39 . A.D . 80-90, Acts i . 5, ii . 38-41, viii . 16, 17, X .

44-48, xix . 1-7, xxii . 16; 1 Pet. iii . 2o, 21; Heb. x . 22 . A.D . 90-100, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John iii . 3-8, iii . 22, iii . 26, iv . 1, 2 . Uncertain, Matt. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii .

18–20; Mark xvi . 16 . The baptism of John is mentioned in the following:—A.D . 6o-7o, Mark i . 1-11 . A.D . 80-90, Matt. iii . 1-16.; See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke iii . 1-22, vii . 29, 30; Acts i . 22, X . 37, xiii .

24, xviii . 25, xix . 3, 4 . A.D . 90-100, John i . 25-33, iii . 23, X . 40 . It is best to defer the question of the origin of Christian baptism until the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the rite in the centuries which followed has been sketched, for we know more clearly what baptism became after the See also:

• YEAR

year too than what it was before . And that method on which a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar' insisted when studying the old See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion is doubly to be insisted on in the study of the history of baptism and the cognate institution, the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

eucharist, namely, to avoid equally " the narrowness of mind which clings to matters of fact without rising to their cause and connecting them with the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of associated phenomena, and the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and uncontrolled spirit of comparison, which, by comparing everything, confounds everything." Our earliest detailed accounts of baptism are in the Teaching of the A postles (c.9o–I 20) and in See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr . The Teaching has the following: 1 . Now concerning baptism, thus baptize ye: having spoken beforehand all these things, baptize into the name of the See also:

• FATHER

Father and of the Son and of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit, in living water .

2 . But if See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou hast not living water, baptize into other water; if thou canst not in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, in warm . 3 . But if thou bast not either, pour water upon the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head thrice, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit . 4 . Now before the baptism, let him that is baptizing and him that is being baptized fast, and any others who can; but thou biddest him who is being baptized to fast one or two days before . The " things spoken beforehand " are the moral precepts known as the two ways, the one of See also:

• LIFE

life and the other of See also:

• DEATH

death, with which the tract begins . This See also:

• BODY

body of moral teaching is older than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the tract, and may go back to the year A.D . 80.' Justin thus describes the rite in ch. lxi. of his first See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

Apology, (c . 140) 1 See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• DARMESTETER, JAMES (1849-1894)

Darmesteter, in " Introd. to the Vendidad," in the Sacred Books of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . " I will also relate the manner in which we dedicated ourselves to See also:

• GOD

God when we had been made new through See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . As many as are persuaded and believe that what we See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach and say is true, and undertake to be able to live accordingly, are instructed to pray and entreat God with See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting, for the remission of their sins that are past, we praying and fasting with them .

Then they are brought by us where there is water, and are regenerated in the same manner in which we were ourselves regenerated . For in the name of God, the Father and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water." In the sequel Justin adds: " There is pronounced over him who chooses to be See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born again, and has repented of his sins, the name of God the Father and Lord of the universe, he who leads to the laver the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person that is to be washed calling Him by this name alone . For no one can utter the name of the ineffable God, and this washing is called See also:

• ILLUMINATION

Illumination (Gr. diwrcvµos), because they who learn these things are illuminated in their understandings . And in the name of Jesus Christ, who was crucified under Pontius See also:

• PILATE, PONTIUS

Pilate, and in the name of the Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost, who through the prophets foretold all things about Jesus, he who is illuminated is washed." In ch. xiv. of the See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue with Trypho, Justin asserts, as against Jewish See also:

• RITES

rites of See also:

• ABLUTION (Lat. ablutio, from abluere, " to wash off ")

ablution, that Christian baptism alone can purify those who have repented . " This," he says, " is the water of life . But the cisterns which you have dug for yourselves are broken and profitless to you . For what is the use of that baptism which cleanses the flesh and body alone ? Baptize the soul from wrath, from envy and from hatred; and, lo! the body is pure." In ch. xliii. of the same dialogue Justin remarks that " those who have approached God through Jesus Christ have received a See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision, not carnal, but spiritual, after the manner of See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch." In after ages baptism was regularly called illumination . See also:

• LATE

Late in the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Tertullian describes the rite of baptism in his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise On the Resurrection of the Flesh, thus: 1 . The flesh is washed, that the soul may be freed from stain . 2 . The flesh is anointed, that the soul may be consecrated .

3 . The flesh is sealed (i.e. signed with the See also:

• CROSS

cross), that the soul also may be protected . 4 . The flesh is overshadowed with See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of hands, that the soul also may be illuminated by the Spirit . 5 . The flesh feeds on the body and blood of Christ, that the soul also may be filled and gated with God . 6 . He also mentions elsewhere that the neophytes, after baptism, were given a See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught of See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey . (The See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for baptism, we further learn from his tract On Baptism, prepared himself by See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, fasting and keeping of vigils.) Before stepping into the font, which both sexes did quite naked, the neophytes had to renounce the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, his pomps and angels . Baptisms were usually conferred at See also:

• EASTER

Easter and in the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost which ensued, and by the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop or by priests and deacons commissioned by him . Such are the leading features of the rite in Tertullian, and they reappear in the 4th century in the rites of all the orthodox churches of East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West; Tertullian testifies that the Marcionites observed the particulars numbered one to six, which must therefore go back at least to the year 150 . About the year 300, those desirous of being baptized were (a) admitted to the catechumenate, giving in their names to the bishop .

(b) They were subjected to a See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny and prepared, as to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the western churches the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young are prepared for See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation . The catechetic course included instruction in monotheism, in the folly of polytheism, in the Christian See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of salvation, &c . (c) They were again and again exorcized, in order to rid them of the lingering taint of the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of demons . (d) Some days or even See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks beforehand they had the creed recited to' them . They might not write it down, but learned it by See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and had to repeat it just before baptism . This rite was called in the West the traditio and redditio of the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol . The Lord's Prayer was communicated with similar solemnity in the West (traditio precis) . The creed given in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome was the so-called Apostles' Creed, originally compiled as we now have it to exclude Marcionites . In the East various other symbols were used . (e) There followed an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• UNCTION (Lat. unctio, anointing, ungere, unguere, to smear with ointment, to anoint; cf. " ointment," O.Fr. oignement, from oigner, mod. oindre, to anoint)

unction, made in the East with the oil of the catechumens blessed only by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, in the West with the priest's saliva applied to the lips and ears . The latter was accompanied by the following See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula: " Effeta, that is, be thou opened unto odour of sweetness . But do thou flee, 0 Devil, for the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of God is at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand." (f) Renunciation of Satan .

The catechumens turned to the west in pronouncing this; then turning to the east they recited the creed . (g) They stepped into the font, but were not usually immersed, and the priest recited the baptismal formula over them as he poured water, generally thrice, over their heads . (h) They were anointed all over with See also:

• CHRISM (through Lat. chrisma, from Gr. xpavua, an anointing substance, Xpiew , to anoint; through a Romanic form cresma comes the Fr. creme, and Eng. " cream ")

chrism or scented oil, the priest reciting an appropriate formula . Deacons anointed the See also:

• MALES

males, deaconesses the See also:

• FEMALES

females . (i) They put on See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white garments and often baptismal wreaths or chaplets as well . In some churches they had worn cowls during the catechumenate, in sign of repentance of their sins . (j) They received the sign of the cross on the brow; the bishop usually dipped his thumb in the chrism and said: " In name of Father, Son and Holy Ghost, See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace be with thee." In laying his hands on their heads the bishop in many places, especially in the West, called down upon them the sevenfold spirit . (k) The first communion followed, with milk and honey added . (1) Usually the water in the font was exorcized, blessed and chrism poured into it, just before the See also:

• CATECHUMEN (Lat. catechumenus, Gr. KarnXouµevos, instructed, from Kar17)(6v, to teach orally)

catechumen entered it . (m) Easter was the usual season of baptism, but in the East See also:

• EPIPHANY, FEAST OF

Epiphany was equally favoured . Pentecost was sometimes chosen . We hear of all three feasts being habitually chosen in See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 4th century, but fifty years later baptisms seem to have been almost confined to Easter .

The preparatory fasts of the catechumens must have helped to establish the Lenten fast, if indeed they were not its origin . Certain features of baptism as used during the earlier centuries must now be noticed . They are the following: (1) Use of fonts; (2) Status of baptizer; (3) See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

Immersion, submersion or aspersion; (4) See also:

• EXORCISM (Gr. EEop,d av, to conjure out)

Exorcism; (5) Baptismal formula and trine immersion; (6) The See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of baptism; (7) Confirmation; (8) Disciplina arcani; (9) Regeneration; (1o) Relation to repentance; (11) Baptism for the dead; (12) Use of the name; (13) Origin of the institution; (14) Analogous rites in other religions . 1 . Fonts.—The New Testament, the See also:

• DIDACHE
• DIDACHE, THE

Didache, Justin, Tertullian and other early See also:

• SOURCES

sources do not enjoin the use of a font, and contemplate in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general the use of See also:

• RUNNING

running or living water . It was a Jewish See also:

• RULE

rule that in ablutions the water should run over and away from the parts of the body washed . In acts of martyrdom, as late as the age of See also:

• DECIUS, GAIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS TRAJANUS (2017-251)

Decius, we read of baptisms in See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, in lakes and in the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . In exceptional cases it sufficed for a martyr to be sprinkled with his own blood . But a martyr's death in itself was enough . See also:

• NEARCHUS

Nearchus (c . 250) quieted the scruples of his unbaptized friend Polyeuctes, when on the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold he asked if it were possible to attain salvation without baptism, with this See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer: " Behold, we see the Lord, when they brought to Him the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind that they might be healed, had nothing to say to them about the holy See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery, nor did He ask them if they. had been baptized; but this only, whether they came to Him with true faith . Wherefore He asked them, Do ye believe that I am able to do this thing ?

" Tertullian (c . 200) writes (de Bapt. iv.) thus: " It makes no difference whether one is washed in the sea or in a See also:

• POOL

pool, in a See also:

• RIVER

river or See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, in a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake or a ditch . Nor can we distinguish between those whom John baptized (tinxit) in the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan and those whom See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter baptized in the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber." The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of baptizing in the rivers when they are annually blessed at Epiphany, the feast of the Lord's baptism, still survives in See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia and in the East generally . Those of the Armenians and Syrians who have retained adult baptism use rivers alone at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of year . The church of See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre described by See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius (H . E. x . 4) seems to have had a font, and the church order of Macarius, bishopof Jerusalem (c . 311-335), orders the font to be placed in the same See also:

• BUILDING

building as the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, behind it and on the right hand; but the same order See also:

• LAYS

lays down that a font is not essential in cases of illness for " the Holy Spirit is not hindered by want of a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel." 2 . Status of Baptizer.—See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius (Smyrn. viii.) wrote that it is not lawful to baptize or hold an See also:

• AGAPE (Gr. ay&lrfl, " Love ")

agape (Lord's Supper) without the bishop . So Tertullian (de Bapt. xvii.) reserves the right of admitting to baptism and of conferring it to the summus sacerdos or bishop, See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian (Epist. lxxiii . 7) to bishops and priests . Later canons continued this restriction; and although in outlying parts of Christendom deacons claimed the right, the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official churches accorded it to presbyters alone and none but bishops could perform the confirmation or See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal .

In the Montanist churches See also:

• WOMEN

women baptized, and of this there are traces in the earliest church and in the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus . Thus St Thekla baptized herself'in her own blood, and St Nino, the See also:

• FEMALE

female evangelist of See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, baptized See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Mirian (see " Life of Nino," Studia Biblica, 1903) . In cases of imminent death a layman or a woman could baptize, and in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of new-born See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children it is often necessary . 3 . Immersion or Aspersion.—The Didache bids us " pour water on the head," and Christian pictures and sculptures ranging from the 1st to the loth century represent the baptizand as See also:

• STANDING

standing in the water, while the baptizer pours water from his hand or from a bowl over his head . Even if we allow for the difficulty of representing See also:

• COMPLETE

complete submersion in See also:

• ART

art, it is nevertheless clear that it was not insisted on; nor were the earliest fonts, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from the ruins of them, large and deep enough for such an usage . The earliest See also:

• LITERARY

literary notices of baptism are far from conclusive in favour of submersion, and are often to be regarded as merely rhetorical . The rubrics of the See also:

• MSS

MSS., it is true, enjoin See also:

• TOTAL

total immersion, but it only came into general See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue in the 7th century, " when the growing rarity of adult baptism made the Gr. word ((3arrriTw) patient of an See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation that suited that of infants only."1 The See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

Key of Truth, the See also:

• MANUAL

manual of the old Armenian See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists, archaically prescribes that the penitent admitted into the church shall advance on his knees into the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the water and that the elect one or bishop shall then pour water over his head . 4 . Exorcism.—The Didache and Justin merely prescribe fasting, the use of which was to See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry the exit of evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits who, in choosing a nidus or See also:

• TENEMENT (Med. Lat. tenetnentum, from tenere, to hold)

tenement, preferred a well-fed body to an emaciated one, according to the belief embodied in the interpolated saying of Matt. xvii . 21: " This See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind (of demon) goeth not forth except by prayer and fasting." The exorcisms tended to become longer and longer, the later the rite . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English prayer-See also:

• BOOK

book excludes them, as it also excludes the renunciation of the devil and all his angels, his pomps and See also:

• WORKS

works .

These elements were old, but scarcely See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive; and the archaic rite of the Key of Truth (see See also:

• PAULICIANS

PAULICIANS) is without them . See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil, in his See also:

• WORK

work On the Holy Spirit, confesses his See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of how these and other features of his baptismal rite had originated . He instances the blessing of the water of baptism, of the oil of See also:

• ANOINTING

anointing and of the baptizand himself, the use of anointing him with oil, trine immersion, the formal renunciation of Satan and his angels . All these features, he says, had been handed down in an unpublished and unspoken teaching, in a silent and sacramental tradition . 5 .. The Baptismal Formula.--The trinitarian formula and trine immersion were not uniformly used from the beginning, nor did they always go together . The Teaching of the Apostles, indeed, prescribes baptism in the name of Father, Son and Holy Ghost, but on the next See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page speaks of those who have been baptized into the name of the Lord—the normal formula of the New Testament . In the 3rd century baptism in the name of Christ was still so widespread that See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, in opposition to Cyprian of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, declared it to be valid . From Pope Zachariah (Ep. x.) we learn that the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic missionaries in baptizing omitted one or more persons of the Trinity, and this was one of the reasons why the church of Rome anathematized 1 See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers' See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on Baptism and Christian See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology in Studia Biblica, vol. v . them; Pope See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, however (858-867), in the Responses ad consulta Bulgarorum, allowed baptism to be valid tan/um in nomine Christi, as in the Acts . Basil, in his work On the Holy Spirit just mentioned, condemns baptism into the Lord alone as insufficient . Baptism " into the death of Christ " is often specified by the Armenian fathers as that which alone was essential .

See also:

• URSINUS, ZACHARIAS (1534-1583)

Ursinus, an See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk (in Gennad. de Scr . Ecd. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii.), Hilary (de Synodis, lxxxv.), the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours (A.D . 1284), also asserted that baptism into the name of Christ alone was valid . The formula of Rome is, " I baptize thee in the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit." In the East, " so-and-so, the servant of God, is baptized," &c . The Greeks add See also:

• AMEN

Amen after each person, and conclude with the words, " Now and ever and to aeons of aeons, amen." We first find in Tertullian trine immersion explained from the triple invocation, Nam nec semel, sed ter, ad singula nomina in personas singulas tinguimur: " Not once, but thrice, for the several names, into the several persons, are we dipped" (adv . Prax. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.) . And See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome says: " We are thrice plunged, that the one See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament of the Trinity may be shown forth." On the other hand, in numerous fathers of East and West, e.g . See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo of Rome, See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of See also:

• NYASA

Nyasa, Theophylactus, See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of Jerusalem and others, trine immersion was regarded as being symbolic of the three days' entombment of Christ; and in the Armenian baptismal See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric this interpretation is enjoined, as also in an See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle of Macarius of Jerusalem addressed to the Armenians (c . 330) . ' In Armenian writers this interpretation is further associated with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of baptism into the death of Christ . Trine immersion then, as to the origin of which Basil confesses his ignorance, must be older than either of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival explanations . These are clearly aetiological, and invented to explain an existing custom, which the church had adopted from its See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• MEDIUM

medium .

For pagan lustrations were normally threefold; thus See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil writes (Aen. vi . 229): Ter sodas pura circumtulit unda . See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid (Met. vii.' 189 and See also:

• FASTI

Fasti, iv . 315), See also:

• PERSIUS

Persius (ii . 16) and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (Ep. i . 1 . 37) similarly speak of trine lustrations; and on the last mentioned passage the scholiast Aero remarks: " Heuses the words thrice purely, because See also:

• PEOPLE

people in expiating their sins, plunge themselves in thrice." Such examples of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient usage encounter us everywhere in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin antiquity . 6 . Age of Baptism.—In the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest Greek, Armenian, Syrian and other rites of baptism, a service of giving a Christian (i.e. non-pagan) name, or of sealing a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child on its eighth day, is found . According to it the priest, either at the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the church or at the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, blessed the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant, sealed it (this not in Armenia) with the sign of the cross on its forehead, and prayed that in due season (iv «aipga eu8Erw) or at the proper time (Armenian) it may enter the holy See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church . This rite announces itself as the analogue of Christ's circumcision . On the fortieth day from See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth another rite is prescribed, of churching the child, which is now taken into the church with its See also:

• MOTHER

mother .

Both are blessed by the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, whose See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition now is that God " may preserve this child and cause him to grow up by the unseen See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of His See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and made him worthy in due season of the washing of baptism." As the first rite corresponds to the circumcision and naming of Jesus, so does the second to His presentation in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . These two rites really begin the catechumenate or See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of instruction in the faith and discipline of the church . It depended on the individual how See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long he would wait for See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation . Whenever he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt inclined, he gave in his name as a candidate . This was usually done at the beginning of See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent . The bishop and clergy next examined the candidates one by one, and ascertained from their neighbours whether they had led such exemplary lives as to be worthy of See also:

• ADMISSION

admission . In case of strangers from another church certificates of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character had to be produced . If a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man seemed unworthy, the bishop dismissed him until another occasion, when he might be worthier; but if all was satisfactory he was admitted, in the West as a competens or asker, in the East as a qlwr^.O vos, i.e. one in course of being illumined . Usually two sponsors made themselves responsible for the past life of the candidate and for the sincerity of his faith and repentance . The essential thing was that a man should come to baptism of his own See also:

• FREE

free will and not under compulsion or from See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of gain . 1Vlacarius of Jerusalem (op. cit.) declares that the grace of the spirit is given in answer to our prayers and entreaties for it, and that even a font is not needful; but only the wish and See also:

• DESIRE

desire for grace . Tertullian, however, in his work On Baptism, holds that even that is not always enough .

Some girls and boys at Carthage had asked to be baptized, See also:

• MID

Mid there were some who urged the granting of their See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request on the See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score that Christ said: " Forbid them not to come unto Me" (Matt. xix . 14), and: "To each that asketh thee give" (Luke vi . 3o) . Tertullian replies that " We must beware of giving the holy thing to See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and of casting pearls before See also:

• SWINE

swine." He cites r Tim. v . 22: " See also:

• LAY

Lay not on thy hands hastily, lest thou See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in another's sins." He denies that the precedents of the See also:

• EUNUCH (Gr. Evvoi3Xos)

eunuch baptized by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip or of See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul baptized without hesitation by See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon (to which the other party appealed) were relevant . He dwells on the See also:

• RISK

risk run by the sponsors, in case the candidates for whose purity they went See also:

• BAIL

bail should fall into sin . It is more expedient, he concludes, to delay baptism . Why should persons still in the age of innocence be in a hurry to be baptized and win remission of sins ? Let people first learn to feel their need of salvation, so that we may be sure of giving it only to those who really want it . Especially let the unmarried postpone it . The risks of the age of See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty are extreme . Let people have married or be anyhow steeled in continence before they are admitted to - baptism .

It would appear from the homilies of See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates (c . 340) that in the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac church also it was usual to renounce the married relation after baptism . Cyril of Jerusalem, in his Catecheses, insists on " the longing for the heavenly polity, on the goodly See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution and attendant hope " of the catechumen (See also:

• PRO

Pro . See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat. ch. i.) . If the resolution be not genuine, the bodily washing, he says, profits nothing . " God asks for nothing else except a goodly determination . Say not: How can my sins be wiped out ? I tell thee, by willing, by believing " (ch. viii.) . So again (Cat . I. ch. iii.) " God gives not his holy treasures to the dogs; but where he See also:

• SEES

sees the goodly determination, there he bestows the See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed of salvation . . . . Those then who would receive the spiritual saving seal have need of a determination and will of their own .

. . . Grace has need of faith on our See also:

• PART

part." In Jerusalem, therefore, whither believers flocked from all over Christendom to be buried, the official point of view as late as A.D . 350 was entirely that of Tertullian . Tertullian's scruples were not long respected in Carthage, for in Cyprian's works (c . 250.) we already hear of new-born infants being baptized . In the same region of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, however, Monica would not let her son See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine be baptized in boyhood, though he clamoured to be . She was a conservative . In the Greek See also:

• WORLD

world See also:

• THIRTY

thirty was a usual age in the 4th century for persons to be baptized, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of Christ . It is still the age preferred by the Baptists of Armenia . But it was often delayed until the deathbed, for the primitive idea that mortal sins committed after baptism were sins against the Holy Spirit and unforgivable, still influenced men, and survived among the See also:

• CATHARS (CATHARI or CATHARISTS)

Cathars up to the 14th century . The fathers, however, of the 4th century emphasized already the danger of deferring the rite until men fall into mortal sickness, when they may be unconscious or paralysed or otherwise unable to profess their faith and repentance, or to See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow the See also:

• VIATICUM (a Latin word meaning " provision for a journey"; Gr. rd E1xe&a)

viaticum . Gregory Theologus therefore (c .

340) suggests the age of three years as suitable for baptism, because by then a child is old enough, if not to understand the questions put to him, at any See also:

• RATE

rate to speak and make the necessary responses . Gregory sanctions the baptism of infants only where there is imminent danger of death . " It is better that they should be sanctified without their own sense of it than that they pass away unsealed and uninitiated." And he justifies his view by this, that circumcision, which foreshadowed the Christian seal (a. pay's), was imposed on the eighth day on those who as yet had no use of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . He also urges the analogue of " the anointing of the doorposts, which preserved the first-born by things that have no sense." On such grounds was justified the transition of a baptism which began as a spontaneous act of self-See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration into an See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus operalum . How long after this it was before infant baptism became normal inside the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine church, we do not exactly know, but it was natural that mothers should insist on their children being liberated from Satan and safeguarded from demons as soon as might be . The See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change came more quickly in Latin than in Greek Christendom, and very slowly indeed in the Armenian and Georgian churches . Augustine's insistence on See also:

• ORIGINAL

original sin, a See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine never quite accepted in his sense in the East, hurried on the change . 7 . Confirmation.—In the West, however, the sacrament has been saved from becoming merely magical by the rite of confirmation or of reception of the Spirit being separated from the baptism of regeneration and reserved for an adult age . The English church confirms at fifteen or sixteen; the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman rather earlier . The catechetic course, which formerly preceded the complete rite, now intervenes between its two halves; and the sponsors who formerly attested the worthiness of the candidate and received him up as anadochi out of the font, have become god-parents, who take the baptismal vows vicariously for infants who cannot answer for themselves . In the East,on the contrary,the complete rite is read over the child, who is thus confirmed from the first .

The Roman church already foreshadowed the change and gave a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar salience to confirmation as early as the 3rd century, when it decreed that persons already baptized by heretics, but reverting to the church should not be baptized over again, but only have hands laid on them . It was otherwise in Africa and the East . Here they insisted in such cases on a repetition of the entire rite, baptism and confirmation together . The Cathars (q.v.) of the middle ages discarded water baptism altogether as being a Jewish rite, but retained the laying on of hands with the traditio precis as sufficient initiation . This they called the spiritual baptism, and interpreted Matt. xxviii . 19, as a command to practise it, and not water baptism . 8 . Disciplina arcani.—The communication to the candidates of the Creed and Lord's Prayer was a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn rite . Cyril of Jerusalem, in his instruction of the catechumens, urges them to learn the Creed by heart, but not write it down, On no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account must they divulge it to unbaptized persons . The same rule already meets us in See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria before the year zoo . In time this rule gave rise to what is called the Disciplina arcani . Following the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the pagan mysteries in which men were only permitted to gaze upon the sacred See also:

• OBJECTS

objects after See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute lustrations and scrupulous purifications, Christian teachers came to represent the Creed, Lord's Prayer and Lord's Supper as mysteries to be guarded in silence and never divulged either to the unbaptized or to the pagans .

And yet' Justin Martyr, Tertullian and other apologists of the 2nd century had found nothing to conceal from the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye and See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear of pagan emperors and their ministers . In the 3rd century this love of mystification reached the See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch of hiding even the gospels from the unclean eyes of pagans . Probably Mgr . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Battifol' is correct in supposing that the Disciplina arcani was more or less of a make-believe, a See also: