See also:

• BARBADOS, or BARBADOES

BARBADOS, or BARBADOES  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . It lies 78 m . E. of St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent, in 130 4' N. and 590 37' W.; 15 21 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 141 M. at its broadest, and 166 sq. m . (106,470 acres) in extent (roughly equalling the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight) . Its coasts are encircled with See also:

• CORAL

coral reefs, extending in some places 3 M. seaward . In its configuration the island is elevated but not mountainous . Near the centre is its See also:

• APEX

apex, See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Hillaby (I too ft.), from which the See also:

• LAND

land falls on all sides in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of terraces to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . So See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle is the incline of the hills that in See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving over the well-constructed roads the ascent is scarcely noticeable . The only natural See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle See also:

• BAY

Bay on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, which, however, is little better than a shallow roadstead, only accessible to See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught vessels . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks of See also:

• BARBADOS, or BARBADOES

Barbados, known as the See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland series, are of shallow See also:

• WATER

water origin, consisting of coarse grits, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown sandstones and sandy See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, in places saturated with See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum and traversed by See also:

• VEINS

veins of manjak . They have been folded and denuded, so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation on which See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest the later beds of the island . Upon the denuded edges of the Scotland beds lies the Oceanic series .

It includes chalky limestones, siliceous earths, red See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, and, at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, a layer of mudstone composed mainly of volcanic dust . The limestones contain See also:

• GLOBIGERINA, A

Globigerina and other See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

Foraminifera, the siliceous beds are made of See also:

• RADIOLARIA

Radiolaria, sponge spicules and diatoms, while the red clay closely resembles the red clay of the deepest parts of the oceans . There can be no doubt that the whole series was laid down in deep See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . The Oceanic series is generally overlaid directly, and unconformably, by coral limestones; but at Bissex See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, at the See also:

• BASE

base of the coral limestones, and resting unconformably upon the Oceanic series, there is a Globigerina See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl . The Coral See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone series lies indifferently upon the older beds . Although of no See also:

• GREAT

great thickness it covers six-sevenths of the island, rising in a series of steps or platforms to a height of nearly 11oo ft . Even the Scotland series probably belongs to the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• SYSTEM

system, but owing to the want of characteristic fossils, it is impossible to determine with any degree of certainty the precise homotaxis of the several formations . See also:

• JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE (1811-1869)

Jukes-See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne and See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison ascribe the Scotland beds to the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene or Oligocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, the Oceanic series to the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene, the Bissex Hill marls to the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene, and the coral limestones partly to the Pliocene and partly to the See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene . But these correlations rest upon imperfect See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, and clays suitable for See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-making, are found in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Scotland, so called from a fancied resemblance to the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The only other See also:

• MINERAL

mineral product is manjak, a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt, also found in this district and to some extent exported . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate, &c.—The climate of Barbados is pleasant .

The seasons are divided into wet and dry, the latter (extending from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to the end of May) being also the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The temperature ranges from 7 0° F. to 86° F., rarely, even on the coldest days, falling below 65° F . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall is about 6o in., See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September being the wettest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . For eight months the invigorating N.E. See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade winds See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper the tropical See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of swamps, the porous nature of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, and the extent of cultivation See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the freedom of the island from miasma . See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

Fever is unknown . The climate has a beneficial effect on pulmonary diseases, especially in their earlier stages, and is remarkable in arresting the decay of vital See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power consequent upon old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Leprosy occurs amongst the negroes, and See also:

• ELEPHANTIASIS (Barbadoes leg; Boucnemia)

elephantiasis is so frequent as to be known as " Barbados See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg." See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The cultivation of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar was first introduced in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and owing to the cheapness of labour, the extreme fertility of the soil and the care bestowed on its cultivation, became the See also:

• STAPLE

staple product of the island . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton growing has recently become of importance . The few other industries include See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum distilleries and factories for chemicals, See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . A railway 28 m. long runs from Bridgetown partly See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the coast . The island is a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for almost all the steamships plying to and from the West Indies, and is a great centre of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution .

There is See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication at. frequent intervals with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the See also:

• UNITED

United States, See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the other West See also:

• INDIAN

Indian islands . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The greater See also:

• PART

part of the inhabitants belong to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of England, which exceeds in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers the combined See also:

• TOTAL

total of all other denominations., The island is the see of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, who, with the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of all See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds, is paid by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief educational See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment is See also:

• CODRINGTON, CHRISTOPHER (1668-1710)
• CODRINGTON, SIR EDWARD (1770-1851)

Codrington See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, founded by See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel ChristopherCodrington, who in 1710 bequeathed two estates to the Society for the See also:

• PROPAGATION

Propagation of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel . It trains See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men for See also:

• HOLY

holy orders and is affiliated to the university of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham . Harrison College and The See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge are secondary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for boys, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's College for girls . There are several second grade and a large number of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary schools . The See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony possesses representative institutions but not responsible government . The See also:

• CROWN

crown has a See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto on legislation and the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home government appoints the public officials, excepting the treasurer . The island is administered by a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, assisted by an executive See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, a legislative council of 9 nominated members, and a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of 24 members elected on a limited See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise . Barbados is the headquarters of the Imperial Agricultural See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of the West Indies, to which (under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris) the island owes the development of cotton growing, &c . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the population consists of negroes, passionately attached to the island, who have a well-marked See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy and See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of their own, and are more intelligent than the other West Indian negroes . They outnumber the whites by 9 to I .

Barbados is one of the most densely populated areas in the See also:

• WORLD

world . In 1901 the numbers amounted to 195,588, or 1178 to the sq. m., and in 1906 they were 196,287 . There are no crown lands nor forests . Towns.---Bridgetown (pop . 21,000), the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, situated on the S.W. coast, is a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty See also:

• TOWN

town nestling at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the hills leading to the uplands of the interior . It has a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's, which also serves as a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church . In See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar Square stands the earliest See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument erected to the memory of See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson . There are a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good many buildings, shops, See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure grounds, a handsome military See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade and exquisite beaches . See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim, the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the governor, is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion about a mile from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Fontabelle and See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings are fashionable suburban watering-places with good sea-bathing . Speighstown (1500) is the only other town of any See also:

• SIZE

size . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Opinions differ as to the derivation of the name of the island .

It may be the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish word for the See also:

• HANGING

hanging branches of a See also:

• VINE

vine which strike See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root in the ground, or the name may have been given from a species of bearded fig-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree . In the 16th-century maps the name is variously rendered St Bernardo, Bernados, Barbudoso, Barnodos and Barnodo, There are more numerous traces of the Carib See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians here than in any other of the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles . Barbados is thought to have been first visited by the Portuguese.38~ Its history has some See also:

• SPECIAL

special features, showing as it does the See also:

• PROCESS

process of peaceful colonization, for the island, acquired without See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, has never been out of the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the British . It was touched in 1605 by the British See also:

• SHIP

ship " See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

Olive Blossom," whose See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew, finding it uninhabited, took possession in the name• of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I.; but the first actual See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement was made in 1625, at the direction of Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Courteen under the patent of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh, afterwards See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough, to whom the island had been granted by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Two years later, a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise having been effected with Lord Marlborough, a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of the island was obtained by the earl of Carlisle, whose claim was based on a grant, from the king, of all the Caribbean islands in 1624; and in 1628 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Wolferstone, a native of Bermuda, was appointed governor . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year sixty-four settlers arrived at Carlisle Bay and the See also:

• PRESENT

present capital was founded . During the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War in England many Royalists sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in Barbados, where, under Lord See also:

• WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby (who had leased the island from the earl of Carlisle), they offered stout resistance to the forces of the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth . Willoughby, however, was ultimately defeated and. exiled . After the Restoration, to appease the planters, doubtful as to the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title under which they held the estates which they, had converted into valuable properties, the proprietary or patent See also:

• INTEREST

interest was abolished, and the crown took over the government of the island; a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of 41 % on all exports being imposed to satisfy the claims of the patentees . In 1684, under the governorship of Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Dutton, a See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census was taken, according to which the population then consisted of 20,000 whites and 46,000 slaves . The See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• WARS

wars of the 18th century caused much suffering, as the West Indies were the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of numerous battles between the British and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . During this period a portion of the 42 % duty was returned to the colony in the form of the governor's See also:

• SALARY

salary .

In the course of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence Barbados again experienced great hardships owing to the restrictions placed upon the importation of provisions from the American colonies, and in 1778 the See also:

• DISTRESS

distress became so acute that the British government had to send See also:

• RELIEF

relief . For three years after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens in 1802 the colony enjoyed uninterrupted See also:

• CALM

calm, but in 1805 it was only saved from falling into the hands of the French by the timely arrival of See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Cochrane . Since that date, however, it has remained unthreatened in the possession of the British . The rupture between Great Britain and the United States in 1812 caused privateering to be resumed, the trade of the colony being thereby almost destroyed . This led to an agitation for the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the 44 % duty, but it was not till 1838 that the efforts to secure this were successful . The abolition of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery in 1834 was attended by no See also:

• ILL

ill results, the slaves continuing to See also:

• WORK

work for their masters as hired servants, and a period of great prosperity succeeded . The proposed See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of the Windward Islands in 1876, however, provoked riots, which occasioned considerable loss of See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• PROPERTY

property, but secured for the See also:

• PEOPLE

people their existence as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate colony . Hurricanes are the See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge of Barbados, those of 1780, 1831, and 1898 being so disastrous as to necessitate relief See also:

• MEASURES

measures on the part of the home government . See Ligon, History of Barbados (1657); Oldmixon, British See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire in See also:

• AMERICA

America (1741); A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short History of Barbados (1768); Remarks upon the Short History (1768); Poyer, History of Barbados (1808); Capt . Thom . See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey, Chron . Hist. of W .

Indies (1827) ; See also:

• SCHOMBURGK, SIR ROBERT HERMANN (1804-1865)

Schomburgk, History of Barbados (1848); J . H . S . Moxby, Account of d West Indian See also:

• SANATORIUM (a modern Latinism, formed from sanare, to cure, restore to health, sanus, whole, healthy, well; often wrongly spelled sanatarium or sanitarium)

Sanatorium (1886); N . D . See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis, The Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados (1887); J . H . See also:

• STARK, JAMES (1794-1859)
• STARK, JOHN (1728-1822)

Stark, History and See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to Barbados (1893); R . T . Hill, See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba and See also:

• PORTO

Porto Rico (1897) . For geology, see A . J .

Jukes-Browne and J . B . Harrison, " The Geology of Barbados," Quart . Journ . Geol . See also:

• SOC

Soc . See also:

• LONDON

London, vol. xlvii . (1891), pp . 197–250, vol, xlviii . (1892), pp . 170-226; J . W .

See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory, " Contributions to the Palaeontology and See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Geology of the West Indies," ibid. vol. li . (1895), pp . 255–310; G . F . See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks and J . B . Harrison, " The Globigerina-marls and Basal See also:

• REEF (1)

Reef-rocks of Barbados," ibid. vol. liv . (1898), pp . 540–555; J . W . See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer, " On the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological and Physical Development of Barbados; with Notes on See also:

• TRINIDAD

Trinidad," ibid. vol. lviii . (1902), pp .

354-367 .