BARON  . This word, of uncertain origin, was introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England at the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest to denote " the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man " (i.e. one who had done him " See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage ") of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord, and more especially of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . All who held " in See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief " (i.e. directly) of the king were alike barones regis, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to perform a stipulated service, and members, in theory at least, of his See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . Great nobles, whether earls or not, also spoke of their tenants as " barons," where lesser magnates spoke of their ." men " (homines) . This was especially the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in earldoms of a See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, such as See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, where the See also:

• EARL

earl's barons were a well-recognized See also:

• BODY

body, the Venables See also:

• FAMILY

family, " barons of Kinderton," continuing in existence down to 1679 . In the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham also, the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop had his barons, among whom the Hiltons of See also:

• HILTON, JOHN (1804–1878)
• HILTON, WILLIAM (1786-1839)

Hilton See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle were usually styled " Barons of Hilton " till See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in 1746 . Other families to whom the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was accorded, independently of See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage dignity and on somewhat uncertain grounds, were " the barons of Greystock," " the barons of See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford," and the Cornwalls, " barons of See also:

• BURFORD

Burford." Fantosme makes See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. speak of " See also:

• MES

mes baruns de Lundres "; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter granting permission to elect a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor speaks of " our barons of our See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LONDON

London," and a London document even speaks of " the greater barons of the city." The aldermen seem to have been loosely deemed See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to barons and were actually assessed to the See also:

• POLL

poll-tax as such under See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II . In See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland the palatine character of the great lordships made the title not uncommon (e.g. the barons of Galtrim, the barons of Slane, the barons of the Naas) . As all those who held See also:

• DIRECT

direct of the See also:

• CROWN

crown by military service (for those who held " by See also:

• SERJEANTY

serjeanty " appear to have been classed apart), from earls downwards, were alike " barons," the great difference in their position and importance must have led, from an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date, to their being roughly divided into " greater " and " lesser " barons, and indeed, under Henry II., the Dialogus de Scaccario already distinguishes their holdings as " greater " or " lesser " baronies . Within a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of the Conquest, as we learn from See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket's case (1164), there arose the practice of sending to the greater barons a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to the council, while the lesser barons, it is stipulated in Magna Carta (1215), were to be summoned only through the sheriffs . Thus was introduced a definite distinction, which eventually had the effect of restricting to the greater barons the rights and privileges of peerage . Thus far the baron's position was connected with the See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of See also:

• LAND

land; in theory the barons were those who held their lands of the king; in practice, they were those who so held a large amount of land .

The great See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in their status was effected when their presence in that council of the See also:

• REALM

realm which became the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords was determined by the issue of a See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ of summons, dependent not on the tenure of land, but only on the king's will . See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden's statement that this change was made by Henry III. after " the Barons' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War " was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and widely accepted, but it is now assigned, as by See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, to See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I., and the earliest writs accepted as creating hereditary baronies are those issued in his reign . It must not, however, be supposed that those who received such summons were as yet distinguished from commoners by any See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style or title . The only possible prefix at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was See also:

• DOMINUS (from an Indo-European root dam-, cf. Gr. Sapav, to subdue, and Eng. " tame ")

Dominus (lord), which was regularly used by See also:

• SIMPLE

simple knights, and writs of summons were still issued to the lowest See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of peers as knights (chevaliers) only . The style of baron was first introduced by Richard II. in 1387, when he created John de See also:

• BEAUCHAMP
• BEAUCHAMP, ALPHONSE DE

Beauchamp, by patent, Lord de Beauchamp and baron of See also:

• KIDDERMINSTER

Kidderminster, to make him " unum parium et baronum regni nostri." But it was not till 1433 that the next " baron " was created, See also:

• SIR

Sir John See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall being then made baron of Fanhope . In spite, however, of these innovations, the former 422 was only summoned to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament by the style of " John Beauchamp of Kidderminster," and the latter by that of " John Cornwall, See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight." Such creations became See also:

• COMMON

common under Henry VI., a transition See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in peerage styles, but " Baron " could not evict " Sire," " See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier " and " Dominus." See also:

• PATENTS

Patents of. creation contained the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula " Lord A . (and) Baron of B.," but the grantee still styled himself " Lord " only, and it is an historically interesting fact that to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day a baron is addressed in See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, not by that style, but as " the Lord A.," although all peers under the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke are spoken of as " lords," while they are addressed in correspondence by their proper styles . To speak of " Baron A." or " Baron B." is an unhistorical and quite See also:

• RECENT

recent practice . When a See also:

• BARONY

barony, however, is vested in a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady it is now the recognized See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom to speak of her as baroness, e.g . Baroness See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley . The See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture of barons created by patent was performed by the king himself, by enrobing the peer in the See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet " robe of See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate " during the See also:

• READING

reading of the patent, and this See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form continued till 13 Jac . I., when the lawyers declared that the delivery of the letters patent without ceremony was sufficient .

The letters patent See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the limits of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance of the barony . The usual limit is to the grantee and heirs male of his body, occasionally, in See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of male issue, to a See also:

• COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral male relative (as in the case of Lord See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham, 186o)or (as in the case of Lord See also:

• BASSET, or BASSETTE

Basset, 1797, and Lord See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton, 1897) to the heirs-male of a daughter, and occasionally (as in the case of Lord See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson, 18o1) to the heirs-male of a See also:

• SISTER

sister . Sometimes also (as in the case of the barony of See also:

• RAYLEIGH, JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT

Rayleigh, 1821) the dignity is bestowed upon a lady with See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder to the heirs-male of her body . The See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes of a baron are the same as those of an earl, except that he has only two rows of spots on each See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder; and, in like manner, his See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary robes have but two See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, with rows of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace; but in other respects they are the same as those of other peers . King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. granted to the barons a coronet, having six large pearls set at equal distances on the chaplet . A baron's cap is the same as a See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount's . His style is " Right See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

Honourable "; and he is addressed by the king or See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, " Right Trusty and Well-beloved." His See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children are by See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy entitled to the prefix " The Honourable." Barons of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

Exchequer were formerly six See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges (a chief baron and five See also:

• PUISNE (from O. Fr. puisne, modern puine, later born, inferior; Lat. postea, afterwards, and natus, born)

puisne barons) to whom the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice was committed in causes betwixt the king and his subjects relative to matters of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden, in his Titles of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour, conjectures that they were originally chosen from among the barons of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and hence their name; but it would probably be more exact to say that they were See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the king's See also:

• CURIA

Curia, which was theoretically composed of his " barons." The title has become obsolete since 1875, when the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of exchequer was merged in the High Court of Judicature . Barons of the Cinque Ports (originally See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover, See also:

• HYTHE

Hythe, See also:

• ROMNEY (NEw ROMNEY)
• ROMNEY, GEORGE (1734-1802)
• ROMNEY, HENRY SIDNEY, EARL OF (1641-1704)

Romney and See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich) were at first the whole body of their freemen, who were so spoken of in royal charters . But the style was afterwards restricted to their mayors, jurats, and (See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1831) members of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons elected by the Cinque Ports, two for each See also:

• PORT

port . Their right to the title is recognized in many old statutes, but in 1606 the use of the See also:

• TERM

term in a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message from the See also:

• LOWER

Lower House See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew forth a protest from the peers, that " they would never acknowledge any man that sitteth in the Lower House to the right or title of a baron of parliament " (Lords' See also:

• JOURNALS

Journals) . It was the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of these " barons " to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a See also:

• CANOPY (through Fr. canape, from Med. Lat. canapeum, classical conopeum, a mosquito curtain, Gr. K6v(.4, a gnat)

canopy over the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign at his or her coronation and retain it as their See also:

• PERQUISITE (Lat. perquisitum, that which has been acquired by careful search; perquirere, to search diligently)

perquisite .

They petitioned as " barons of the Cinque Ports " to attend the coronation of Edward VII., and a deputation was allowed to do so . Baron and Feme, in See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, is a phrase used for See also:

• HUSBAND

husband and wife, in relation to each other, who are accounted as one See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . Hence, by the old law of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, the one party was excluded from giving evidence for or against the other in See also:

• CIVIL

civil questions, and a relic of this is still preserved in the criminal law . Baron and Feme, in See also:

• HERALDRY

heraldry, is the term used when the coatsof-arms of a man and his wife are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne per See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale in the sameescutcheon, the man's being always on the See also:

• DEXTER, HENRY MARTYN (1821—1890)
• DEXTER, TIMOTHY (1747—1806)

dexter See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and the woman's on the sinister . But in this case the woman is supposed not to be an heiress, for then her coat must be borne by the husband on an See also:

• ESCUTCHEON (0. Fr. escucheon, escusson, modern dcusson, through a Late Lat. form from Lat. Scutum, shield)

escutcheon of pretence . (See HERALDRY.) The See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign title of baron is occasionally borne by English subjects, but confers no See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence in the See also:

• UNITED

United Kingdom . It may be See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian, e.g . Baron Dimsdale (1762); See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, e.g . Baron See also:

• STOCKMAR, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, BARON VON (1787–1863)

Stockmar, Baron See also:

• HALKETT, HUGH, FREIHERR VON (1783-1863)

Halkett (Hanoverian); See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian, e.g . Baron See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild (1822), Baron de See also:

• WORMS

Worms; See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, e.g . Baron See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath; See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, e.g . Baron de Teissier ; French-See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian, e.g .

Baron de Longueil (1700); Dutch, e.g . Baron See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay (Lord Reay) . (J . H . R.) The Foreign Title.—On the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe the title baron, though the same in its origin, has come, owing to a variety of causes, to imply a rank and status very different from its See also:

• CON

con-notation in the United Kingdom, and again varies considerably in different countries . Originally baro meant no more than " man," and is so used in the Salic and other " See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian " See also:

• LAWS

laws; e.g . Si quis mortaudit barum vel feminam, &c . (Lex See also:

• ALEMAN, LOUIS (c. 1390-1450)

Aleman. tit . 76) . In this way, too, it was long preserved in the sense of " husband," as in the See also:

• ASSIZE

Assize of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (See also:

• MSS

MSS. cap . 98) : Si l'on appelle aucune See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose femme qui See also:

• AURA (from the Gr. for " breath " or " breeze ")

aura baron, et it la vent deffendre, it la peut deffendre de son cors, &c . Gradually the word seems to have come to mean a "strong or powerful man," and thus generally " a See also:

• MAGNATE (Late Lat. magnas, a great man)

magnate." Finally, in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in the 12th century the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general expression barones was introduced in a restricted sense, as applied properly to all lords possessing an important See also:

• FIEF

fief, subject to the See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture and thus not liable to be divided up, and held of one overlord alone .

Sometimes it included ecclesiastical lordships of the first rank . In the 13th century the See also:

• REGISTER

Register of King See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus places the barones regis Francie next to the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes and See also:

• COUNTS

counts holding in chief, the title being limited to vassals of the second rank . Towards the end of the century the title had come to mean that its See also:

• BEARER

bearer held his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal fief direct from the crown, and was therefore more important than that of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, since many counts were only mediate vassals . Thus the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings in granting a duchy or countship as an apanage to their See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers or sons used the phrase in comitatum et baroniam . From this period, how-ever, the title tends to sink in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative importance . When, in the 14th century, the feudal See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy was completed and stereotyped, the barons are ranked not only below counts, but below viscounts, though in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and possessions many barons were See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to many counts . In any case, until the 17th century, the title of baron could only be borne by the holder of a territorial barony; and it was See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. who first cheapened the title in France by creating numerous barons by royal letters . This entire See also:

• DISSOCIATION

dissociation of the title from *the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of feudal rights and obligations was completed by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1, 18o8, reviving the ancient titles . By this See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument the title of baron was to be borne ex officio by a number of high officials, e.g. ministers, senators, councillors of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, archbishops and bishops . It was given to the 37 mayors who attended the coronation, and could be claimed by any mayor who had served to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction for ten years, and by any member of an electoral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college who had attended three sessions . The title was made to descend in order of primogeniture to legitimate or adopted sons and to the nephews of bishops, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition being that See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof must be presented of an actual income of 15,000 fr., of which one-third should descend with the title . The creation of barons was continued by Louis XVIII., Charles X. and Louis Philippe, and, suspended at the revolution of 1848, was revived again on a generous See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale by Napoleon III .

The tolerant attitude of the Third See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic towards titles, which it does not officially recognize, has increased the confusion by facilitating the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of the title on very slender grounds of right . The result has been that in France the title of Baron, unless borne by the re-cognized representative of a historic name, not only involves no See also:

• POLITICAL

political status, but confers also but very slight social distinction . The same is true, mutatis mutandis, of most other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries, and notably of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . In See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the case is somewhat different . Though in Latin documents of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the term barones for liberi domini was used, it was not until the 17th century that the word Baron, perhaps under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the court of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles, began to be used as the equivalent of the old German Freiherr, or See also:

• FREE

free lord of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . The style Freiherr (See also:

• LIBER

liber dominus) implied originally a dynastic status, and many Freiherren held countships without taking the title of count . When the more important of them styled themselves counts, the Freiherren sank into an inferior class of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . The practice of conferring the title Freiherrby imperial letters was begun in the 16th century by Charles V., was assumed on the ground of special imperial concessions by many of the princes of the Empire, and is now exercised by all the German sovereigns . Though the practice of all the children taking the title of their See also:

• FATHER

father has tended to make that of Baron comparatively very common, and has dissociated it from all idea of territorial See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, it still implies considerable social status and privilege in countries where a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• LINE

line is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between the See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste of " nobles " and the common See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd, whom no See also:

• WEALTH

wealth or intellectual See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence can See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the same social level with the poorest Adeliger . In See also:

• JAPAN

Japan the title baron (See also:

• DAN

Dan) is the lowest of the five titles of nobility introduced in 1885, on the European See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . It was given to the least important class of territorial nobles, but is also bestowed as a title of honour without reference to territorial possession . See du Cange, Glossarium, s .

" Baro " (ed . See also:

• NIORT

Niort, 1883); John Selden, Titles of Honor, p . 353 (ed . 1672); Achille See also:

• LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

Luchaire, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel See also:

• DES

des institutions francaises (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1892); See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice Prou, See also:

• ART

art . " Baron " in La Grande Encyclopedie . (W . A .