See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

JOACHIM See also:

• JOACHIM BARRANDE (1799-1883)

BARRANDE (1799-1883)  , See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian geologist and palaeontologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Saugues, Haute See also:

• LOIRE

Loire, on the 11th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1799, and educated in the iN tole Polytechnique at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Although he had received the training of an engineer, his first See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was that of See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the duc de See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux (afterwards known as the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• CHAMBORD
• CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND MARIE DIEUDONNE, COMTE DE (182o-1883)

Chambord), See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X., and when the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king abdicated in 183o, See also:

• BARRANDE, JOACHIM (1799-1883)

Barrande accompanied the royal exiles to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and afterwards to See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague . Settling in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in 1831, he became occupied in See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORKS

works, and his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was then attracted to the fossils from the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Palaeozoic rocks of Bohemia . The publication in 1839 of See also:

• MURCHISON, SIR RODERICK IMPEY (1792-1871)

Murchison's See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian See also:

• SYSTEM

System incited Barrande to carry on systematic researches on the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent strata in Bohemia . For ten years (1840-1850) he made a detailed study of these rocks, engaging workmen specially to collect fossils, and in this way he obtained upwards of 3500 See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• GRAPTOLITES

graptolites, See also:

• BRACHIOPODA

brachiopoda, See also:

• MOLLUSCA

mollusca, See also:

• CRUSTACEA

crustacea (particularly See also:

• TRILOBITES

trilobites) and fishes . The first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work, Systeme silurien du centre de la Bohtme (dealing with trilobites), appeared in 1852; and from that date until 1881, he issued twenty-one See also:

• QUARTO

quarto volumes of See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text and plates . Two other volumes were issued after his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1887 and 1894 . It is estimated that he spent nearly £1o,000 on these works . In addition he published a large number of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate papers . In recognition of his important researches the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Society of See also:

• LONDON

London in 1855 awarded to him the See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal . The See also:

• TERM

term Silurian was employed by Barrande, after Murchison, in a more comprehensive sense than was justified by subsequent knowledge . Thus the Silurian rocks of Bohemia were divided into certain stages (A to II)— the two lowermost, A and B without fossils (Azoic), succeeded by the third See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, C, which included the primordial See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, since recognized as See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian of See also:

• SEDGWICK, ADAM (1785-1873)
• SEDGWICK, JOHN (1813–1864)

Sedgwick .

The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth stage (Stage D), the true lower Silurian, was described by Barrande as including isolated patches of strata with organic remains like those of the Upper Silurian . These assemblages of fossils were designated " Colonies," and regarded as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early introduction into the See also:

• AREA

area of species from neighbouring districts, that became locally See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, and reappeared in later stages . The See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of Barrande was questioned in 1854 by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes, who pointed to the disturbances, overturns and crumplings in the older rocks as affording a more reasonable explanation of the occurrence of .strata with newer fossils amid those containing older ones . Other geologists subsequently questioned the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of "Colonies." In 188o Dr J . E . Marr, from a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal study in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, brought forward evidence to show that the repetitions of the fossiliferous strata on which the " Colonies " were based were due to faults . The later stages of Barrande, F, G and H, have since been shown by Emanuel See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Heinrich See also:

• KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845- )

Kayser (b . 1845) to be Devonian . Despite these modifications in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original groupings of the strata, it is recognized that Barrande " made Bohemia classic ground for the study of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest fossiliferous formations." He died at Frohsdorf on the 5th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1883 . See "See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of the See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim Barrande," Geol . Mag . (1883), p .

529 (with portrait) .