See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

ISAAC See also:

• BARRE
• ISAAC BARRE (1726-1802)

BARRE (1726-1802)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British soldier and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin in 1726, the son of a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French refugee . He was educated at Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, Dublin, entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and in 1959 was with See also:

• WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823)
• WOLFE, JAMES (1727-1759)

Wolfe at the taking of See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec, on which occasion he was wounded in the cheek . His entry into See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament in 1761 under the auspices of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Shelburne, who had selected him " as a See also:

• BRAVO (Ital. for " brave ")

bravo to run down Mr See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt," was characterized by a virulent have been made with as many as three or four cylinders set in a circular revolving See also:

• FRAME

frame, but these more elaborate See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments were mainly used in churches' and chapels, a purpose for which they were in See also:

• GREAT

great demand for playing See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, chants and voluntaries during the 18th and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 19th centuries . A See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel-See also:

• ORGAN

organ was built for See also:

• FULHAM

Fulham See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church by See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, and a large See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument with four barrels was constructed by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop for See also:

• NORTHALLERTON

Northallerton church in 182o . The origin of the barrel-organ is now clearly established, and many will doubtless be surprised to find that it must be sought in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands as early as the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and that accurate and detailed diagrams of every See also:

• PART

part of the mechanism for a large stationary barrel-organ worked by See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power were published in 1615 . There are letters patent preserved in the archives of See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium appointing a certain organ-builder, Jehan See also:

• VAN

van Steenken, dit Aren, " See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of See also:

• ORGANS

organs which See also:

• PLAY

play of themselves "; in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Flemish Meester van ergelen spelende bij See also:

• HEN

hen selven.9 This organ was not a portable one like See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street-organs, but a more imposing instrument, as we learn from other documents giving a detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the moneys paid to See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

Maistre Jehan for conveying the organs from See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges to See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels.1 Steenken was, by virtue of the same letters patent, awarded an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of fifty Rhenish florins in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the services rendered to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, and on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of his submitting to his See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

liege See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good all other instruments he might make in the future . There is nothing singular in the early date of this invention, for the 15th century was distinguished for the extraordinary impulse which the patronage and appreciation of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Burgundy ' This practice had evidently not been adopted in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, as the following instance will show . The use of barrel-organs (Drehorgeln) in See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country churches was seriously recommended by an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous writer in two See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German papers at the beginning of the 19th century (Beobachter an der See also:

• SPREE

Spree, See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 22nd See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1821, and in Mdrkische Bolen, Nos . 138 and 139, 1821) . The organist Wilke of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig published in reply an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the Allgem. musik . Zeitung (1822, pp . 777 et seq.) in which " he very properly repudiated such a laughable recommendation." 9 Archives generales du royaume de Belgique, Chambre See also:

• DES

des See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam pies, No .

2, 449 r°. cf . 52 r° . ; and See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund van der Straeten, La Musique aux Pays-Bas, vol. vii. pp . 230-232 . 9 Van der Straeten, op. cit. p . 299.gave to automatic contrivances of all kinds, carillons, clocks, speaking animals and other curiosities due to Flemish See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius., No contemporary See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration is forthcoming, but in 1615 See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon de Caus, who avowedly owed his See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration to See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

Hero and See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius, describes a number of hydraulic See also:

• MACHINES

machines, amongst which is the barrel-organ,' illustrating his description by means of several large drawings and diagrams very carefully carried out . De Caus' organ, entitled " See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

Machine See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par laquelle l'on fera sonner un jeu d'orgues par le moyen de 1'eau," was built up on a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall a See also:

• FOOT

foot thick . In the illustrations the barrel is shown to be divided into bars, and each See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar into eight beats for the quavers . The whole See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum is pierced with holes at the intersecting points, the pins being movable, so that when the performer See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew tired of one tune, he could re-arrange the pins to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form another . The four See also:

• BELLOWS
• BELLOWS, ALBERT F
• BELLOWS, HENRY WHITNEY (1814-1882)

bellows are set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion by means of See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes strained over pulleys and attached to four cranks on the rotating See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft . Solomon de Caus See also:

• LAYS

lays no claim to the invention of this organ, but only to the See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of hydraulic power for revolving the drum; on the contrary, in a dissertation on the invention of hydraulic machines dnd organs, he states that there was evidently some difference between the organs of the ancients and those of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, since there is no mention in the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics of any musical See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel by means of which tunes could be played in several parts—the ancients, indeed, seem to have used their fingers on the See also:

• KEYBOARD, or MANUAL (Fr. clavier; Ger. Klaviatur; Ital. tastatura)

keyboard to See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound their organs . The eighteen keys See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in one See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear names, beginning at the See also:

• LEFT

left, D, C, B, A, G, F, F$f, E, D, C, B, A, G, F, E, D, C, B; De Caus states that only See also:

• HALF

half the keyboard is given for want of space; the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, therefore, prob- ably was as shown, with a few accidentals .

A barrel-organ, also worked by hydraulic power, is somewhat fantastically drawn by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FLUDD, or FLUD, ROBERT [ROBERTUS DE FLUCTIBUS] (1574-1637)

Fludd in a See also:

• WORK

work° published two years after that of Solomon de Caus . This diagram is of no value except as a curiosity, for the author betrays a very imperfect knowledge of the See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical principles involved . The piece of See also:

• MUSIC

music actually set on de Caus' barrel-organ, six bars of which can be made out,' consists of a See also:

• MADRIGAL (Ital. madrigale)

madrigal, " Chi fara fed' al ciel," by Alessandro Striggio, written in organ tablature by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• PHILIPS, AMBROSE (c. 1675-1749)
• PHILIPS, JOHN (1676-1708)
• PHILIPS, KATHARINE (1631-1664)

Philips, organist of the See also:

• CHAPEL

Chapel Royal, Brussels, at the end of the 16th century.° A French barrelorgan9 in the collection of the Brussels See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire, bearing the date " 5 See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars 1797," has the following compass with flats, beginning at the left: 4 t A Other evidences of the origin of the barrel-organ are not wanting . The See also:

• INVENTORY (post-class. Lat. inventarium, a list or repertory, from invenire to find)

inventory of the organs and other keyboard instruments were also known as " Dutch organs," and the name clung to the instrument even in its diminutive form of See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-organ of the itinerant musician . In Jedediah See also:

• MORSE, SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE (1791—1872)

Morse's description of the 9 Van der Straeten, op. cit. p . 231 . ' Solomon de Caus, See also:

• LES

Les Raisons des forces mouvantes (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1615), problems 25, 28, 29, 30 . 6 Historia utriusque cosmi (See also:

• OPPENHEIM

Oppenheim, 1617), t. i.,experimentum viii. p . 483 . 7 Op. cit. problem 29 shows the arrangement of the bellows for the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . In problem 30 is drawn a large See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the barrel, showing six bars of music represented by the See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin tablature, which can be actually deciphered by the help of the keyboard included in the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing . These diagrams are admirably clear and of real technical value .

A copy of this work is in the library of the British Museum . 8 See also E. van der Straeten, who has translated Philips' setting into See also:

• MODERN

modern notation, op. cit. t. vi. pp . 5o6 and 510 . ° See V . C . Mahillon, Cataloguedescriptif (Brussels, 1896), No .