See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

mount or hillock)  , a word found occasionally among See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England applied to natural eminences, but generally restricted in its See also:

• MODERN

modern application to denote an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GRAVE

grave-See also:

• MOUND

mound . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of constructing barrows or mounds of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone or See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth over the remains of the dead was a characteristic feature of the sepulchral systems of See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive times . Originating in the See also:

• COMMON

common sentiment of humanity, which desires by some visible memorial to See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour and perpetuate the memory of the dead, it was practised alike by peoples of high and of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low development, and continued through all the stages of culture that preceded the introduction of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of sepulture appears to have been the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of a habitation for the dead; and thus, in its perfect See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

barrow included a chamber or See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers where the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant was surrounded with the prized possessions of his previous See also:

• LIFE

life . A common feature of the earlier barrows is the enclosing fence, which marked off the site from the surrounding ground . When the barrow was of earth, this was effected by an encircling See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

trench or a low vallum . When the barrow was a stone structure, the enclosure was usually a circle of See also:

• STANDING

standing stones . Sometimes, instead of a chamber formed above ground, the barrow covered a See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit excavated for the interment under the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SURFACE

surface . In later times the mound itself was frequently dispensed with, and the interments made within the enclosure of a trench, a vallum or a circle of standing stones . Usually the See also:

• GREAT

great barrows occupy conspicuous sites; but in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external form is no See also:

• INDEX

index to the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal construction and gives no definite indication of the nature of the sepulchral usages . Thus, while the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long barrow is characteristic of the Stone See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, it is impossible to tell without See also:

• DIRECT

direct examination whether it may be chambered or unchambered, or whether the burials within it may be those of burnt or of unburnt bodies . In England the long barrow usually contains a single chamber, entering by a passage underneath the higher and wider end of the mound .

In See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark the chambers are at irregular intervals along the See also:

• BODY

body of the mound, and have no passages leading into them . The long barrows of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain are often from 200 to400 ft. in length by 6o to 8o ft. wide . Their chambers are rudely but strongly built, with See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome-shaped See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, formed by over-lapping the successive courses of the upper See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side walls . In Scandinavia, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, such dome-roofed chambers are unknown, and the construction of the chambers as a See also:

• RULE

rule is megalithic, five or six monoliths supporting one or more capstones of enormous See also:

• SIZE

size . Such chambers, denuded of the covering mound, or over which no covering mound has been raised, are popularly known in England as " cromlechs " and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France as " dolmens " (see STONE MONUMENTS) . The prevailing mode of sepulture in all the different varieties of these structures is by the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of the body in a contracted position, accompanied by weapons and implements of stone, occasionally by ornaments of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet or See also:

• AMBER

amber . Vessels of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, more or less ornate in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, which occur with these See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early interments of unburnt bodies, have been regarded as See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food-vessels and drinking-cups, differing in character and purpose from the cinerary urns of larger size in which the ashes of the dead were deposited after See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation . The custom of burning the body commenced in the Stone Age, before the long barrow or the dolmen had passed out of use . While cremation is rare in the long barrows of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of England, it is the rule in those of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . In See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, where the long barrow form is all but unknown, the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round barrow or chambered See also:

• CAIRN (in Gaelic and Welsh, Carn)

cairn prevailed from the earliest See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

Pagan See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period till the introduction of Christianity . The Irish barrows occur in See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups in certain localities, some of which seem to have been the royal cemeteries of the tribal confederacies, whereof eight are enumerated in an ancient Irish See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, the LeabhaP na h-UidhPi, compiled c . A.D .

1100 . The best-known of these is situated on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• BOYNE

Boyne above See also:

• DROGHEDA

Drogheda, and consists of a See also:

• GROUP

group of the largest See also:

• CAIRNS
• CAIRNS, HUGH MC CALMONT CAIRNS, 1ST EARL (1819-1885)
• CAIRNS, JOHN (1818–1892)

cairns in Ireland . One, at New See also:

• GRANGE (through the A.-Fr. graunge, from the Med. Lat. granea, a place for storing grain, granum)

Grange, is a huge mound of stones and earth, over 300 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and 70 ft. in height . Around its See also:

• BASE

base are the remains of a circle of large standing stones . The chamber, which is 20 ft. high in the centre, is reached by a passage about 70 ft. in length . In the Loughcrew Hills, Co . See also:

• MEATH (pronounced with th soft, as in the)

Meath, there is a group of about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty stone barrows or cairns, mostly chambered, their bases measuring from 5 or 6 to 6o yds. in diameter . They are unusually interesting from the fact that many of the exposed slabs in the walls of the chambers are ornamented with spirals and other devices, rudely incised . As in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the long barrows, the traditional form of the circular, chambered barrow was retained through various changes in the sepulchral customs of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It was the natural result of the practice of cremation, however, that it should induce a modification of the barrow structure . The chamber, no longer regarded as a habitation to be tenanted by the deceased, became simply a See also:

• CIST (Gr. ,dorn, Lat. cista, a box; cf. Ger. Kiste, Welsh kistvaen, stone-coffin, and also the other Eng. form " chest ")

cist for the reception of the See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn which held his ashes . The degradation of the chamber naturally produced a corresponding degradation of the mound which covered it, and the barrows of the See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze Age, in which cremation was common, are smaller and less imposing than those of the Stone Age, but often surprisingly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the life and of the See also:

• ART

art workmanship of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time .

In addition to the varied and beautiful forms of implements and weapons--frequently ornamented with a high degree of See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste—armlets and, other See also:

• PERSONAL

personal ornaments in gold, amber, jet and bronze are not uncommon . The barrows of the bronze period, like some of those of the Stone Age, appear to have been used as .tribal or See also:

• FAMILY

family cemeteries . In Denmark as many as seventy deposits of burnt interments have been observed in a single mound, indicating its use as a burying-place throughout a long See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of years . In the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron Age there was less uniformity in the See also:

• BURIAL

burial customs . In some of the barrows in central France, and in the wolds of Yorkshire, the interments include the arms and accoutrements of a charioteer, with his See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot, See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness and horses . In Scandinavia a custom, alluded to in the sagas, of burying the See also:

• VIKING

viking in his See also:

• SHIP

ship, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up on See also:

• LAND

land, and raising a barrow over it, is exemplified by the ship-burials discovered in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway . The ship found in the Gokstad mound was 78 ft. long, and had a See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast and sixteen pairs of oars . In a chamber abaft the mast the viking had been laid, with his weapons, and together with him were buried twelve horses, six See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and a See also:

• PEACOCK (Lat. Pavo, O. Eng. Pawe, Du. pauuw, Ger. Pfau, Fr. Paon)
• PEACOCK, GEORGE (1791–1858)
• PEACOCK, SIR BARNES (1810-189o)
• PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866)

peacock . An interesting example of the great See also:

• TIMBER

timber-chambered barrow is that at Jelling in See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland, known as the barrow of Thyre Danebod, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Gorm the Old, who died about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It is a mound about 200 ft. in diameter, and over 50 ft. in height, containing a chamber 23 ft. long, 8 ft. wide and 5 ft. high, formed of massive slabs of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak . Though it had been entered and plundered in the middle ages, a few relics were found when it was reopened, among which were a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup,ornamented with the interlacing See also:

• WORK

work characteristic of the time and some personal ornaments . It is highly illustrative of the tenacity with which the ancient sepulchral usages were retained even after the introduction of Christianity that King Harold, son and successor of Gorm the Old, who is said to have christianized all Denmark and Norway, followed the pagan custom of erecting a chambered See also:

• TUMULUS

tumulus over the remains of his See also:

• FATHER

father, on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of which was placed a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar-stone, bearing on one side the memorial inscription in See also:

• RUNES, RUNIC LANGUAGE AND INSCRIPTIONS

runes, and on the other a See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the Saviour of mankind distinguished by the crossed nimbus surrounding the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head .

The so-called See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings' Hows at See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden See also:

• RIVAL

rival those of Jelling in size and height . In the chamber of one, opened in 1829, there was found an urn full of calcined bones; and along with it were ornaments of gold showing the characteristic workmanship of the 5th and 6th centuries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . Along with the calcined human bones were bones of animals, among which those of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and the See also:

• DOG

dog were distinguished . Comparing the results of the researches in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European barrows with such notices of barrow-burial as may be gleaned from early writings, we find them mutually illustrative . The Homeric See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the barrow of See also:

• HECTOR

Hector (Il. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) brings vividly before us the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene so often suggested by the examination of the tumuli of prehistoric times . During nine days See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood was collected and brought, in carts drawn by oxen, to the site of the funeral pyre . Then the pyre was built and the body laid upon it . After burning for twenty-four See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the smouldering embers were extinguished with libations of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . The See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and calcined bones were then picked out of the ashes by the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and placed in a metallic urn, which was deposited in a hollow grave or cist and covered over with large well-fitting stones . Finally, a barrow of great magnitude was heaped over the remains and the funeral feast was celebrated . The See also:

• OBSEQUIES (Med. Lat. obsequiae, formed after class. Lat. exsequiae)

obsequies of See also:

• ACHILLES
• ACHILLES (Gr. 'AxtXXeus)

Achilles, as described in the Odyssey, were also celebrated with details which are strikingly similar to those observed in tumuli both of the Bronze and Iron Ages . The body was brought to the See also:

• PILE

pile in an embroidered robe and jars of unguents and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey were placed beside it .

See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep and oxen were slaughtered at the pile . The incinerated bones were collected from the ashes and placed in a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden urn along with those of Patroclus, Achilles's dearest friend . Over the remains a great and shapely mound was raised on the high headland, so that it might be seen from afar by future generations of men . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, describing the funeral customs of the Scythians, states that, on the See also:

• DEATH

death of a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, the body was placed upon a See also:

• COUCH, DARIUS NASH (1822-1897)

couch in a chamber sunk in the earth and covered with timber, in which were deposited all things needful for the comfort of the deceased in the other See also:

• WORLD

world . One of his wives was strangled and laid beside him, his cup-See also:

• BEARER

bearer and other attendants, his charioteer and his horses were killed and placed in the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, which was then filled up with earth and an enormous mound raised high over all . The barrows which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the plains of ancient See also:

• SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

Scythia attest the truth of this description . A Siberian barrow, described by See also:

• DEMIDOV

Demidov, contained three contiguous chambers of unhewn stone . In the central chamber See also:

• LAY

lay the See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton of the ancient chief, with his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, his See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear, his See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and a See also:

• QUIVER

quiver full of arrows . The skeleton reclined upon a See also:

• SHEET

sheet of pure gold, extending the whole length of the body, which had been wrapped in a See also:

• MANTLE

mantle broidered with gold and studded with See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones . Over it was extended another sheet of pure gold . In a smaller chamber at the chief's head lay the skeleton of a See also:

• FEMALE

female, richly attired, extended upon a sheet of pure gold and similarly covered with a sheet of the same See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . A golden See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain adorned her See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck and her arms wereencircled with bracelets of pure gold .

In a third chamber, at the chief's feet, lay the skeleton of his favourite horse with See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle, bridle and stirrups . So curiously alike in their general features were the sepulchral usages connected with barrow-burial over the whole of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, that we find the Anglo-Saxon See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

Saga of See also:

• BEOWULF

Beowulf describing the chambered tumulus with its gigantic See also:

• MASONRY

masonry "held fast on props, with vaults of stone," and the passage under the mound haunted by a See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon, the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of the treasures of See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen gold which it contained . Beowulf's own burial is minutely described in terms which have a strong resemblance to the parallel passages in the Iliad and Odyssey . There is first the preparation of the pile, which is hung round with helmets, See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields and coats of See also:

• MAIL

mail . Then the See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse is brought and laid in the midst; the pile is kindled and the roaring See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame rises, mingled with weeping, till all is consumed . Then, for ten long days, the warriors labour at the rearing of his mighty mound on the headland, high and broad, to be seen afar by the passers-by on land and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The pyramids of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, the mausolea of the Lydian kings, the circular, chambered sepulchres of See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae, and the See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan tombs at See also:

• CAERE (mod. Cerveteri, i.e. Caere vetus, see below)

Caere and See also:

• VOLCI

Volci, are lineally descended from the chambered barrows of prehistoric times, modified in construction according to the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of architectural art at the period of their erection . There is no See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in Europe destitute of more or less abundant proofs of the almost universal prevalence of barrow-burial in early times . It can also be traced on both sides of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Mediterranean, and from See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor across the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . In the new world as well as in the old, similar customs prevailed from a very remote period . In the great plains of North See also:

• AMERICA

America the dead were buried in barrows of enormous magnitude, which occasionally See also:

• PRESENT

present a remarkable similarity to the barrows of Great Britain . In these mounds cremation appears more frequently than inhumation; and both are accompanied by implements, weapons and ornaments of stone and See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone .

The pottery accompanying the remains is often elaborately ornamented, and the mound builders were evidently possessed of a higher development of taste and skill than is evinced by any of the modern aboriginal races, by whom the mounds and their contents are regarded as utterly mysterious . It is not to be wondered at that customs so widely spread and so deeply rooted as those connected with barrow-burial should have been difficult to eradicate . In fact, compliance with the Christian practice of inhumation in the cemeteries sanctioned by the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, was only enforced in Europe by capitularies denouncing the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of death on those who persisted in burying their dead after the pagan See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion or in the pagan mounds . Yet even in the middle ages kings of Christian countries were buried with their swords and spears, and queens with their spindles and ornaments; the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop was laid in his grave with his See also:

• CROZIER
• CROZIER, WILLIAM (1855– )

crozier and See also:

• COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb; the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest with his See also:

• CHALICE (through a central O. Fr. form of the Lat. calix, calicis, cup)

chalice and See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments; and. clay vessels filled with See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal (answering to the urns of heathen times) are found in the churches of France and Denmark . Records of Explorations among the Cairns of See also:

• ARRAN
• ARRAN, EARLS OF

Arran and See also:

• BUTE
• BUTE, JOHN STUART, 3RD EARL OF (1713-1792)

Bute,' in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vols . 36, 37, 38 (1901–1903) ; W . C . See also:

• BORLASE, WILLIAM (1695–1772)

Borlase, The Dolmens of Ireland (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1897) ; Dictionnaire archeologique de la Gaule (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1875) ; A . P . Madsen, Gravhoie og Gravfund fra Stenalderen i Danmark(See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1900) ; S . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Nordische Altertumskunde aus Danmark and See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1897) ; O . Montelius, The See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times (London, 1888), and Der Orient and See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa (See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, 1899); E .

Cartailhac, See also:

• LES

Les Ages prihistoriques de l'Espagne et du See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal (Paris, 1886) ; W . Gowland, " The Dolmens and Burial Mounds in Japan," in Archaeologia, vol . 55 (1897) ; C . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, " See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report on the Mound Explorations of the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology " (Twelfth See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Report for 1890-1891, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, 1894,.) (J .