BASHKIRS  , a See also:

• PEOPLE

people inhabiting the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian governments of See also:

• UFA

Ufa, See also:

• ORENBURG

Orenburg, See also:

• PERM

Perm and See also:

• SAMARA

Samara, and parts of See also:

• VYATKA
• VYATKA, or VIATICA

Vyatka, especially on the slopes and confines of the Ural, and in the neighbourfiig'plains . They speak a Tatar See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, but some authorities think that they are ethnically a Finnish tribe transformed by Tatar See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The name Bashkir or Bash-kart appears for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the beginning of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century in the writings of See also:

• IBN

Ibn-Foslan, who, describing his travels among the VoIga-Bulgarians, mentions the Bashkirs- as a warlike and idolatrous See also:

• RACE

race . The name was not used by the people themselves in the loth century, but is a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname . Of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European writers, the first to mention the Bashkirs are Joannes de Plano See also:

• CARPINI, JOANNES DE PLANO

Carpini (c. r 200-1260) and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• RUBRUQUIS (or RUBROUCK), WILLIAM OF

Rubruquis (1220-1293) . These travellers, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in with them in the upper parts of the See also:

• RIVER

river Ural, See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call them Pascatir, and assert that they spoke at that time the same language as the Hungarians . Till the arrival of the Mongolians, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 13th century, the Bashkirs were a strong and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent people and troublesome to their neighbours, the Bulgarians and See also:

• PETCHENEGS, or PATZINAKS

Petchenegs . At the time of the downfall of the Kazan See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom they were in a weak See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . In 1556 they voluntarily recognized the supremacy of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and, in consequence, the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Ufa was founded to defend them from the See also:

• KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz, and they were subjected to a See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-tax . In 1676 they rebelled under a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader named Seit, and were with difficulty reduced; and again in 1707, under Aldar and Kfisyom, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• ILL

ill-treatment by the Russian officials . Their third and last insurrection was in 1735, at the time of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of Orenburg, and it lasted for six years . In 1786 they were freed from taxes; and in 1798 an irregular See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army was formed from among them .

They are now divided into cantons and give little trouble, though some See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences have arisen between them and the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government about See also:

• LAND

land questions . By mode of See also:

• LIFE

life the Bashkirs are divided into settled and nomadic . The former are engaged in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearing and See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-keeping, and live without want . The nomadic portion is subdivided, according to the districts in which they wander, into those of the mountains and those of the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes . Almost their See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole occupation is the rearing of cattle; and they attend to that in a very negligent manner, not See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting a sufficient See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• FODDER

fodder for all their herds, but allowing See also:

• PART

part of them to perish . The Bashkirs are usually very poor, and in winter live partly on a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of gruel called yIryu, and badly prepared See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese named skurt . They are hospitable but suspicious, See also:

• APT

apt to See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder and to the last degree lazy: They have large heads, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, eyes narrow and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, small fore-heads, ears always sticking out and a swarthy skin . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, they are strong and See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular, and able to endure all kinds of labour and privation . They profess Mahommedanism, but know little of its doctrines . Their intellectual development is See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . See J . P .

Carpini, See also:

• LIBER

Liber Tartarorum, edited under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Relations See also:

• DES

des See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols ou Tartares, by d'Avezac (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1838) ; Gulielmus de Rubruquis, The See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the See also:

• WORLD

World, translated by W . W . Rockhill (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900) ; Semenoff, Slovar See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross . See also:

• IMP
• IMP (O. Eng. impa, a graft, shoot; the verb impian is cognate with Ger. impfen, to graft, inoculate, and the Fr. enter; the ultimate origin is probably the Gr. 'µ4uety, to implant, cf. Et.A4Uros, engrafted)

Imp., ay.; See also:

• FRAHN, CHRISTIAN MARTIN (1782-1851)

Frahn, " De Baskiris," in Mein. de l'Acad. de St-Pitersbourg (1822); Florinsky, in Westnik Evropi (1874); and Katarinskij, Dictionnaire Bashkir-Russe (1900) .