See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child," from bast, saddle)  , a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born out of legal wedlock . Amongst the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, bastards were classified as nothi, See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children born in See also:

• CONCUBINAGE
• CONCUBINAGE (Lat. concubina, a concubine; from con-, with, and cubare, to lie)

concubinage, and spurii, those not so born . Both classes had a right of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to their See also:

• MOTHER

mother, and the nothi were entitled to support from their See also:

• FATHER

father, but had no rights of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance from him . Both, however, had in other respects most of the rights of citizenship . The Germanic See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was based upon an entirely different principle . It recognized as legitimate only those whose parents were of the same social See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . All others were regarded as bastards, and took the status of the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of inferior rank . The aim of all the Germanic codes was to preserve purity of See also:

• RACE

race, not to improve morals, for incestuous unions are not censured . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Germanic law lasted throughout the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early feudal See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and bastards were debarted rights of inheritance . In the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the influence of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law tended again to modify this severity . An exception was probably made in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of those whose fathers were of royal See also:

• BLOOD

blood, in which case it even seems that no stigma was attached to the See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident of their See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, nor did they suffer from the usual disabilities as to inheritance which attended those of illegitimate birth (See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, v . 25) .

Among the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks we find See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric I., a natural son of See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis, sharing the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom with the legitimate sons; Zwentibold, natural son of See also:

• ARNULF (c. 850-899)

Arnulf, was created See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine by his father in 895; and even See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror actually assumed the appellation of See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English law a bastard still retains certain disabilities . His rights are only such as he can acquire; for civilly he can inherit nothing, being looked upon as the son of nobody, and sometimes called filius nullius, sometimes filius populi . This, however, does not hold as to moral purposes, e.g. he cannot marry his mother or bastard See also:

• SISTER

sister . Yet he may gain a surname by reputation though he has none by inheritance, and may even be made legitimate and capable of inheriting by the transcendent See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . For poor-law purposes, all legitimate children take the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of their father, but a bastard takes the settlement of its mother . The mother of an illegitimate See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child is entitled to its custody in preference to the father, and consequently the responsibility ,f its support falls primarily on her . But the English law has always recognized the principle that to a certain extent the father must See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in that responsibility . This, how-ever, was imposed not with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of furnishing the woman with a See also:

• CIVIL

civil remedy, nor to have a penal effect against the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, but solely to prevent the cost of See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the bastard child from falling upon the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish . Indeed, the legislation upon the subject, which See also:

• DATES

dates back to 1576, was until 1845 an intimate See also:

• PART

part of the poor law . The act of 1576, the basis of English bastardy law, empowered justices to take See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the mother and reputed father of every bastard child See also:

• LEFT

left to the care of the parish, and to See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge the mother' and reputed father with the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a weekly sum' or other needful sustenance . Other acts were passed in 1609 and 1733, enabling the mother of any child chargeable or likely to become chargeable to the parish to secure the See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension, and even the imprisonment, of the father until he should indemnify the parish, provisions which were made somewhat more stringent by acts passed in 1809 and 18io .

In 1832 a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was appointed to inquire into the operation of the poor See also:

• LAWS

laws, and the commissioners in their See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report gave See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the subject of bastardy . They reviewed the various acts from 1576 downwards and gave examples of their operation . The conclusion to 'which the commissioners came was ' that the laws " which respect bastardy appear to be pre-eminently unwise," and that they gave rise to many abuses . For example,, the weekly payment recovered by the parish was usually transferred to the mother; even in many cases guaranteed . The commissioners recommended that the mother alone should be responsible for the maintenance of the child . " This," they said, "is now the position of a widow, and there can be no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for giving to See also:

• VICE

vice privileges which we deny to misfortune." Acting on the recommendation of the commissioners the Poor Law See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment Act of 1834 endeavoured to discourage the principle of making the putative father contribute by introducing a some-what cumbersome method of See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure . The trend of public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion proved against the discouragement of See also:

• AFFILIATION (from Lat. ad filiare, to adopt as a son)

affiliation, and an act of 1839 transferred See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in affiliation cases from See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter-sessions to See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty-sessions . A commission of inquiry on the working of the bastardy acts in 1844 recommended " that affiliation should be facilitated," and, accordingly, by the Bastardy Act of 1845 effect was given to this recommendation by giving the mother an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent civil remedy against the putative father and dissociating the parish altogether from the proceedings . Subsequently, legislation gave the parish the right of attaching, and in some cases suing for, See also:

• MONEY

money due from the putative father for the maintenance of the child . The existing law is set out under AFFILIATION . The incapacities attaching to a bastard consist principally in this, that he cannot be See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to any one; for being nullius filius, he is therefore of See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin to nobody, and has no ancestor from whom an inheritable blood can be derived . Therefore, if there be no other claimant upon an inheritance than such illegitimate 'child, it escheats to the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord .

And as bastards cannot be heirs them-selves, so neither can they have any heirs but those of their own bodies; for as all See also:

• COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral kindred consists in being derived from the same See also:

• COMMON

common ancestor, and as a bastard has no legal ancestor, he can have no collateral kindred, and consequently no legal heirs, except such as claim by a lineal descent from himself . And hence, if a bastard See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase See also:

• LAND

land, and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die seised therefor without issue and intestate, the land escheats to the lord of the See also:

• FEE

fee . Originally a bastard was deemed incapable of See also:

• HOLY

holy orders, and disqualified by the fact of his birth from holding any dignity in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; but this See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is now obsolete, and in all other respects there is no distinction between a bastard and another man . By the law of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland a bastard is not only excluded from his father's succession, because the law knows no father who is not marked out by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage; and from all heritable succession, whether by the father or mother, because he cannot be pronounced lawful heir by the See also:

• INQUEST (O. Fr. enqueste, modern enqueete, from Lat.inquisitum, inquirere, to inquire)

inquest in terms of the brief; but also from the movable succession of his mother, because he is not her lawful child, and See also:

• LEGITIMACY

legitimacy is implied in all succession deferred by the law . But a bastard, although he cannot succeed See also:

• BASTARNAE

BASTARNAE-See also:

• BASTIAT, FREDERIC (18o1–185o)

BASTIAT from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• SHORE

shore like an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, See also:

• BASTIA

Bastia presents an imposing See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, which is enhanced by the loftiness of its houses; it has, however, little of architectural See also:

• INTEREST

interest to offer . Its churches, of which the largest is See also:

• SAN

San Giovanni Battista, are florid in decoration, as are - the law-See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre and the hotel-de-ville . The citadel, which dominates the old See also:

• PORT

port, has a keep of the 14th century . As See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement, Bastia is the seat of a tribunal of first instance and a sub-See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, while it is also the seat of the military See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, of a court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for the whole See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, of a court of assizes, and of a tribunal and a chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, and has alycee, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• BANK

Bank of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and a library with between 30,000 and 40,000 volumes . The See also:

• TOWN

town has active commerce, especially with See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . The new port has 'too ft. of quayage, served by a railway, and with a See also:

• DEPTH

depth alongside of 25 ft . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of vessels entered in 1907 was 721 with a See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of 339,551, of which 203,950 were See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief exports are See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract for tanning, cedrates, citrons, oranges, early vegetables, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ore and See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony ore .

Imports include See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• FLOUR

flour and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry consists chiefly in fishing (sardines, &c., and See also:

• CORAL

coral), the manufacture of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, oil-distilling, tanning, and the preparation of preserved citrons and of See also:

• MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni and similar provisions . Bastia dates from the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Genoese fortress or " See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille " by Lionello Lomellino in 1383 . Under the Genoese it was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal stronghold in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the island, and the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the governor; and in 1553 it was the first town attacked by the French . On the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the island in 1797 into the two departments of Golo and Liamone, Bastia remained the capital of the former; but when the two were again See also:

• UNITED

united See also:

• AJACCIO

Ajaccio obtained the superiority . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was taken by the English in 1745 and again in 1794 .