See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)  , originally any fortified See also:

• BUILDING

building forming See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence or attack; the name was especially applied to several of• the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal points in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient fortifications of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . In the reign of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, or even earlier, the See also:

• GATE

gate of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine was flanked by two towers; and about 1369 See also:

• HUGUES, CLOVIS (1851-1907)

Hugues Aubriot, at the command of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., changed it into a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

bastille or fort by the addition of six others of massive structure, the whole See also:

• UNITED

united by thick walls and surrounded by a ditch 25 ft. wide . Various extensions and alterations. were afterwards effected; but the building remained substantially what it was made by the vigorous See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost, a strong and. gloomy structure, with eight stern towers . As the ancient fortifications of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city were superseded, the use of the word bastille as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general designation gradually died out, and it became restricted to the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Saint Antoine, the See also:

• POLITICAL

political importance of which made it practically, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before it was actually, the only bastille of Paris . The building had originally a military purpose, and it appearsas a fortress on several occasions in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• HISTORY

history . When Charles VII. retook Paris from the See also:

• ENGLISH

English in 1436, his opponents in the city took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the Bastille) which they were prepared to'defend with vigour, but the want of provisions obliged them to capitulate . In 1588 the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Bastille, gave the command of it to See also:

• BUSSY, ROGER DE RABUTIN, COMTE DE (1618–1693)

Bussy-Leclerc, and soon afterwards -shut up the whole See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement within its walls, for having refused their adherence to the See also:

• LEAGUE

League . When See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. became See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Paris he committed the command of the Bastille to See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully, and there he deposited his treasures, which at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• DEATH

death amounted to the sum of 25,870,000 livres . On the 11th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1649 the Bastille was invested by the forces of the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde, and after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short cannonade capitulated on the 13th of that See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . The See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison consisted of only twenty-two men . The Frondeurs concluded a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court on the I t th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March; but it was stipulated by treaty that they should retain possession of the Bastille, which in fact was not restored to the king till the 21st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1651 . At a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, however, the Bastille was employed for the custody of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state prisoners, and it was ultimately much more of a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison than a fortress .

According to the usual See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, which one is tempted to ascribe to the popular love of poetical See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, the first who was incarcerated within its walls was the builder himself, Hugues Aubriot . Be this as it may, the duke of See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours spent thirteen years there in one of those See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron cages which See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI. called his fillettes; and Jacques d'See also:

• ARMAGNAC

Armagnac, See also:

• POYET, GUILLAUME (1473–1548)

Poyet and See also:

• CHABOT, FRANCOIS (1757-1794)
• CHABOT, GEORGES ANTOINE
• CHABOT, PHILIPPE DE, SEIGNEUR DE BRION, COUNT OF CHARNY AND BUZANSAIS ((a 1492-1543)

Chabot were successively prisoners . It was not till the reign of Louis XIII. that it became recognized as a regular See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of confinement; but from that time till its destruction it was frequently filled to embarrassment with men and See also:

• WOMEN

women of every See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . Prisoners were detained without trial on lettres de cachet for different reasons, to avoid a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, either public or private, or to satisfy See also:

• PERSONAL

personal animosities . But the most frequent and most notorious use of the Bastille Was to imprison those writers who attacked the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government or persons in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . It was this which made it so hated as an See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of despotism, and caused its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture and demolition in the Revolution: Of the treatment of prisoners in the Bastille very various accounts have been given even by those who speak from personal experience, for the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that it varied greatly in different cases . The prisoners were divided into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main classes, those who were detained on grounds of precaution or by way of admonitory correction, and those who See also:

• LAY

lay under presumption or See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of See also:

• GUILT

guilt . The former were subject to no investigation or See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, and the length of their imprisonment depended on the will of the king; the latter were brought to trial in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary courts or before See also:

• SPECIAL

special tribunals, such as that of the See also:

• ARSENAL

Arsenal—though even in their See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between their See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and their trial was determined solely by the royal See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, and it was quite possible for a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to grow old in the prison without having the opportunity of having his See also:

• FATE

fate decided . Until guilt was established, the prisoner was registered in the king's name, and-=except in the case of state-prisoners of importance, who were kept with greater strictness and often in See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation—he enjoyed a certain degree of comfort and freedom . Visitors were admitted under restrictions; See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games were allowed; and, for a long time at least, exercise was permitted in open parts of the interior . See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

Food was both abundant and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, at least for the betterclass of prisoners; and instances were not unknown of See also:

• PEOPLE

people living below their See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance and, by arrangement with the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, saving the surplus . When the criminality of the prisoner was established, his name was transferred to the See also:

• REGISTER

register of the " See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission," and he became exposed to numerous hardships and even barbarities, which however belonged not so much to the special organization of the Bastille as to the general system of criminal justice then in force .

Among the more distinguished personages who were confined in this fortress during" the reigns of Louis XIV., XV. and XVI., were the famous Man of the Iron See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

Mask (see See also:

• HOAR, SAMUEL (1778-1856)

hoar MASK), See also:

• FOUCQUET, JEAN, or JEHAN (c. 1415–1485)

Foucquet, the See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu, Le See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

Maistre de Sacy, De See also:

• RENNEVILLE, RENE AUGUSTE CONSTANTIN DE (1650-1723)

Renneville, See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, See also:

• LATUDE, JEAN HENRI

Latude, Le Prev6t de See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont, Labourdonnais, See also:

• LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR, COMTE DE

Lally, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal de Rol:an, See also:

• LINGUET, SIMON NICHOLAS HENRI (1736-1794)

Linguet and La Chalotais . While no detestation into- ;teat for that system of " royal See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism " which led to the unjust and often protracted imprisonment of even men of See also:

• GREAT

great ability and stainless See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, it is unnecessary to give implicit See also:

• CREDENCE, or CREDENCE TABLE

credence to all the tales of horror which found currency during the excitement of the Revolution, and which See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, as well as a priori considerations, tends to See also:

• STRIP

strip of their more dreadful features, and even in many cases to refute altogether . Much See also:

• LIGHT

light of an unexpected See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind has in See also:

• MODERN

modern times been See also:

• SHED

shed on the history of the Bastille from the pages of its own records . These documents had been flung out into the courts of the building by the revolutionary captors, and after suffering grievous diminution and damage were finally stored up and forgotten in the vaults of the library of the (so-called) Arsenal . Here they were discovered in . 184o by See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Ravaisson, who devoted himself to their arrangement,elucidation and publication . At the breaking out of the Revolution the Bastille was attacked by the Parisians; and, after a vigorous resistance, it was taken and razed to the ground on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1789 . At the time of its capture only seven prisoners were found in it . A very striking account of the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege will be found in See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle's French Revolution, vol. i . The, site of the building is now marked by a lofty See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, dedicated to the memory of the patriots of July 1789 and 1830 It is crowned by a gilded figure of the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . See the See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of Linguet (1783), and Latude (ed. by See also:

• THIERRY

Thierry, tome iii . 18mo, 1791–1793) ; also Francois Ravaisson, See also:

• LES

Les Archives de la Bastille (i6 vols .

8vo, 1866–1886); Delort, Histoire de is detention See also:

• DES

des philosophes a la Bastille (3 vols., 1829) ; F . Bournon, La Bastille (1893) ; Fr . Funck-See also:

• BRENTANO, KLEMENS (1778-1842)
• BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH [called Lujo]

Brentano, Les Lettres de cachet d Paris, etude suivied'une See also:

• LISLE, ALICE (c. 1614-1685)

lisle des prisonniers de la Bastille (1904) ; G . See also:

• LECOCQ, ALEXANDRE CHARLES (1832– )

Lecocq, La Prise de la Bastille (1881) .