See also:

• BATHOLITE (from Gr. (3o9bs, deep, and h69.is, a stone)

BATHOLITE (from Gr. (3o9bs, deep, and h69.is, a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone)  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, a See also:

• TERM

term given to certain intrusive See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock masses . Especially in districts which are composed principally of rocks belonging to the older See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological systems extensive areas of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite frequently occur . By their relations to the strata around them, it is clear that these granites have been forced into their See also:

• PRESENT

present positions in a liquid See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and under See also:

• GREAT

great pressure . The bedding planes of stratified rooks are wedged apart and See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues of granite have been injected into them, while cracks have been opened up and filled with intrusions in the shape of igneous See also:

• VEINS

veins . Great masses of the strata which the granite has invaded are often floated off, and are found lying in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the granite much altered by the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat to which they have been exposed, and traversed by the igneous rock in ramifying threads . Such granite intrusions are generally known as bosses from their rounded surfaces, and the frequency with which they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form flattish See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome-shaped hills, rising above the older rocks surrounding them . At one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time many geologists held that in certain situations the granite had arisen from the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• FUSION

fusion and transformation of the stratified rocks over a limited See also:

• AREA

area of intense See also:

• METAMORPHISM (Gr. ise-rci, change of, and liop¢i, shape)

metamorphism . The chemical no less than the structural relations of the two sets of rocks, howeyer, preclude the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of this See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis . Obviously the granite is an intruder which has welled up from below, and has cooled gradu- - ally, and solidified in its present situation . Regarding the mechanism of this See also:

• PROCESS

process there are two theories which hold the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, each having a large number of supporters . One school considers that they are mostly " batholites " or conical masses rising from great depths and eating up the strata which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie above and around them . The frequency of inclusions of the surrounding rocks, their rounded shapes indicating that they have been partly dissolved by the igneous magma, the intense alteration which they have undergone pointing to a state approaching actual fusion, the extensive changes induced in the rocks which adjoin the granite, the abundance of veins, and the unusual modifications of the granite which occur where it comes in contact with the adjacent strata, are adduced as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that there has been absorption and digestion of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country rock by the intrusive See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass .

These views are in favour especially in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; and instances are cited in which as the margins of the granite are approached diorites and other rocks make their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, which are ascribed to the effect which admixture with dissolved sedimentary material has had on the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the granite magma; at the same time the See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists have been permeated The opponents of this theory hold these granitic masses to be " laccolites " (Gr.X&aKos, a cistern), or great cake-shaped injections of molten rock, which have been pressed from below into planes of weakness in the upper portions of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust, taking the lines of least resistance, and owing their shape to the varying flexibility of the strata they penetrated . The modifications of the granite are ascribed to magmatic segregation (chemical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical processes which occasioned See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of certain components towards the cooling surfaces) . Absorption of country rock is held to be unimportant in amount, and in-sufficient to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the great spaces in the schists which are occupied by the granite . Those who support this theory leave the question of the ultimate source of the granite unanswered, but consider that it is of deep-seated origin, and the bosses which now appear at the See also:

• SURFACE

surface are only comparatively superficial manifestations . The bulk of the evidence is in favour of the laccolitic theory; in fact it has been clearly demonstrated in many important cases . Still it is equally clear that many granites are not merely passive . injections, but have assimilated much See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign rock . Possibly much depends on the chemical composition of the respective masses, and on the depths and temperatures at which the intrusion took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Increase of pressure and of temperature, which we know to take place at great depths, would stimulate resorption of sedimentary material, and by retarding cooling would allow time for dissolved foreign substances to diffuse widely through the magma . (J . S .