See also:

• BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)

BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)  , the inhabitants of- the formerly See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• BATTA

Batta See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, in the central See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra, now for the most See also:

• PART

part subjugated to the Dutch See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The still independent See also:

• AREA

area extends from 98°-99 35' E., and 2°-3° 25' S . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Toba See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake dwell the See also:

• TIMOR
• TIMOR (Timur i Leng, the lame Timur)

Timor See also:

• BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)

Battas, and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of it the Pakpak, but on its north (in the mountains which border on the east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast residency) the Karo Battas See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• GROUP

group, which, by its dialects and ethnological See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, appears to be allied to the Gajus and See also:

• ALIAS (Lat. for " at another time ")

Alias occupying the interior of See also:

• ACHIN (Dutch At1eh)

Achin . The origin of the Battas is doubtful . It is not known whether they were settled in Sumatra before the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language contains words of See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit origin and others referable to Javanese, See also:

• MALAY

Malay and Tagal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Their domain has been doubtless much curtailed, and their absorption into the Achin and Malay See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population seems to have been See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long going on . The Battas are undoubtedly of Malayan stock, and by most authorities are affiliated to that See also:

• INDONESIAN

Indonesian pre-Malayan See also:

• RACE

race which peopled the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, expelling the aboriginal See also:

• NEGRITOS (Span. for " little negroes ")

negritos, and in turn themselves submitting to the civilized See also:

• MALAYS

Malays . In many points the Battas are physically quite different from the Malay type . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average height of the men is 5 ft . 4 in.; of the See also:

• WOMEN

women 4 ft . 8 in .

In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general build they are rather thickset, with broad shoulders and fairly See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular limbs . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the skin ranges from dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown to a yellowish tint; the darkness apparently quite independent of See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic influences or distinction of race . The See also:

• SKULL

skull is rather See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval than See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round . In marked contrast to the Malay type are the large, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, long-shaped eyes, beneath heavy, black or dark brown eyebrows . The cheek-bones are somewhat prominent, but less so than among the Malays . The Battas. are dirty in their See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and dwellings and eat any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, though they live chiefly on See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice . They are remarkable as a See also:

• PEOPLE

people who in many ways are cultured and possess a written language of their own, and yet are cannibals . The more civilized of them around Lake Toba are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good agriculturists and stock-breeders, and understand See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-smelting . They weave and dye See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, make jewellery and krisses which are often of exquisite workmanship, See also:

• BAKE, JAN (1787-1864)

bake pottery, and build picturesque chalet-like houses of two storeys . They.have.an organized government, hereditary chiefs, popular assemblies, and a written See also:

• CIVIL

civil and penal See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code . There is even an antiquated postal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter-boxes being the hollow See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree trunks at See also:

• CROSS

cross-roads . Yet in spite of this See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative culture the Battas have long been notorious for the most revolting forms of See also:

• CANNIBALISM

cannibalism .

(See See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the See also:

• LIFE

Life, of See also:

• SIR

Sir T . S . See also:

• RAFFLES, SIR THOMAS STAMFORD (1781-1826)

Raffles, 183o.) The Battas are the only lettered people of the Indian Archipelago who are not Mahommedans . Their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion is mainly confined to a belief in evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits; but they recognize three gods, a Creator, a Preserver and a Destroyer, a trinity suggestive of Hindu influence . Up to the publication of Dr H . N. See also:

• VAN

van der Tuuk's See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay, Over schrift en uitspraak der Tobasche See also:

• TAAL

taal (1855), our knowledge of the Batta language was confined to lists of words more or less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, chiefly to be found in W . See also:

• MARSDEN, WILLIAM (1754-1836)

Marsden's See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous See also:

• WORKS

Works, in F . W . Junghuhn's Battalander, and in the Tijdschrifb van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, vol. iii . (1855) . By his exhaustive works (Bataksch Leesboek, in 4 vols., 1861-1862; Batakschnederduitsch Woordenboek, 1861; Tobasche Spraakkunst, 1864–1867) van der Tuuk made the Batta language the most accessible of the various See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues spoken in Sumatra . According to him, it is nearest akin to the old Javanese and Tagal, but A .

See also:

• SCHREIBER, LADY CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH (1812-1895)

Schreiber (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Battas in ihrem Verhaltnis zu den Malaien von Sumatra, 1874) endeavoured to prove its closer See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with the Malay proper . Like most See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages spoken by less civilized tribes, Batta is poor in general terms, but abounds in terms for special See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . The number of dialects is three, viz. the Toba, the Mandailing and the Dairi dialects; the first and second have again two subdivisions each . The Battas further possess six See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar or recondite modes of speech, such as the hata andung, or language of the wakes, and the hata pods or the soothsayer'slanguage . A See also:

• FAIR

fair acquaintance with See also:

• READING

reading and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing is very general among them . Their See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet is said, with the Rejang and Lampong alphabets, to be of Indian origin . The language is written on bark or See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo staves from bottom to See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, the lines being arranged from See also:

• LEFT

left to right . The literature consists chiefly in books on See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, in stories, See also:

• RIDDLES (A.S. raedan, to interpret)

riddles, incantations, &c., and is mostly in See also:

• PROSE

prose, occasionally varied by See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse.' See also " Reisen nach dem Toba See," See also:

• PETERMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1822–1878)

Petermann Mitleil . (1883) ; Modigliani, Fra i Bgtacchi indipendenti (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1892); See also:

• NEUMANN, FRANZ ERNST (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

Neumann, " Het See also:

• PANE (Fr. pan, Lat. pannus, a cloth, garment)

Pane- en Bilastroomgebied," Tydschr . Aardr . Gen., 1885-1887 ; Van Dijk in the same periodical (1890-1895); Wing See also:

• EASTON

Easton in the Jaarboek voor het Mynwezen, 1894; Niemann in the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia van Nederlandsch-Indie, under the heading Bataas, with very detailed bibliography; See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron J. v . See also:

• BRENNER

Brenner, Besuch bei den Kannibalen Sumatras (See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg, 1893); H .

Breitenstein, 21 Jahre in Indien,, See also:

• JAVA

Java, Sumatra (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1899-1900) ; G . P . Rouffaer, Die Batik-Kunst in niederlandisch-Indien and ihre Geschichte (See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem, 1899) .