BATTER  , an architectural See also:

• TERM

term of unknown origin, used of the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall which is slightly inclined to the perpendicular . It is most commonly employed in retaining walls, the See also:

• LOWER

lower courses of which are laid at right angles to the batter, so as to resist the thrust of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth inside . For aesthetic reasons it is often adopted in the lowest or See also:

• BASEMENT

basement porticos of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BUILDING

building . From a See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical point of view it is the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• SYSTEM

system employed, as throughout See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• CHALDAEA

Chaldaea all the temples built in unburnt See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick were perforce obliged to be thicker at the bottom, and this gave rise to the batter or raking See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side which was afterwards in Egypt copied in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . For defensive purposes the walls of the lower portions of a fortress were built with a batter as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David and some of the walls built by See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . The Crusaders also largely adopted the principle, which was followed in some of the castles of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe .