See also:

• BATTLEMENT (probably from a lost Fr. form bastillement, cf. mod. Fr. bataille, from Med. Lat. bastilia, towers, which is derived from Ital. bastire, to build, cf. Fr. bdti, ; the English word was, however, early connected with " battle ")

BATTLEMENT (probably from a lost Fr. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form bastillement, cf. mod. Fr. bataille, from Med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. bastilia, towers, which is derived from Ital. bastire, to build, cf. Fr. bdti, ; the See also:

• ENGLISH

English word was, however, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early connected with " See also:

• BATTLE

battle ")  , a See also:

• TERM

term given to a See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet of a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, in which portions have been cut out at intervals to allow the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of arrows or other missiles; these cut-out portions are known as " crenels "; the solid widths between the " crenels " are called " merlons." The earliest example in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Medinet-See also:

• ABU

Abu at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt is of the inverted See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and is said to have been derived from Syrian fortresses . Through See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria they formed the termination of all the walls surrounding the towns, as shown on has reliefs from Nimrud and elsewhere . Traces of them have been found at See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae, and they are suggested on See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek vases . In the battlements of See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii, additional See also:

• PROTECTION

protection was given by small See also:

• INTERNAL

internal buttresses or See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur walls against which the defender might See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place himself so as to be protected completely on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . In the battlements of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the crenel was about one-third of the width of the See also:

• MERLON

merlon, and the latter was in addition pierced with a small slit . The same is also See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound in See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian battlements, where the merlon is of much greater height and is capped in a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . The battlements of the Mahommedans had a more decorative and varied See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and were retained from the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century onwards not so much for defensive purposes as for a crowning feature to their walls . They may be regarded therefore in the same See also:

• LIGHT

light as the cresting found in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

renaissance . The same retention of the See also:

• BATTLEMENT (probably from a lost Fr. form bastillement, cf. mod. Fr. bataille, from Med. Lat. bastilia, towers, which is derived from Ital. bastire, to build, cf. Fr. bdti, ; the English word was, however, early connected with " battle ")

battlement as a purely decorative feature is found throughout the Decorated and Perpendicular periods, and not only occurs on parapets but on the transoms of windows and on the tie-beams of See also:

• ROOFS

roofs and on screens . A further decorative treatment was given in the elaborate panelling of the merlons and that portion of the parapet walls rising above the See also:

• CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ital. cornice)

cornice, by the introduction of quatrefoils and other conventional forms filled with foliage and See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields .