See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

BRUNO See also:

• BRUNO BAUER (1809-1882)

BAUER (1809-1882)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologianand historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 6th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1809, the son of a painter in a See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain factory, at See also:

• EISENBERG (Isenberg)

Eisenberg in See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• ALTENBURG

Altenburg . He studied at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, where he attached himself to the " Right " of the Hegelian school under P . See also:

• MARHEINEKE, PHILIP KONRAD (1780-1846)

Marheineke . In 1834 he began to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach in Berlin as a licentiate of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, and in 1839 was transferred to See also:

• BONN

Bonn . In 1838 he published his Kritische Darstellung der See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion See also:

• DES

des See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen Testaments (2 vols.), which shows that at that date he was still faithful to the Hegelian Right . Soon afterwards his opinions underwent a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, and in two See also:

• WORKS

works, one on the See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes (184o), and the other on the Synoptics, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker (1841), as well as in his Herr See also:

• HENGSTENBERG, ERNST WILHELM (1802-r869)

Hengstenberg, kritische Briefe fiber den Gegensatz des Gesetzes See also:

• RAND

rand des Evangeliums, he announced his See also:

• COMPLETE

complete rejection of his earlier orthodoxy . In 1842 the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government revoked his license and he retired for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life to See also:

• RIXDORF

Rixdorf, near Berlin . Henceforward he took a deep See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history and politics, as well as in theology, and published Geschichte der Politik, Kultur and Aufklarung des 18ten Jahrhunderts (4 vols . 1843-1845), Geschichte der franzosischen Revolution (3 vols . 1847), and Disraelis romantischer and Bismarcks socialistischerlmperialismus (1882) . Other See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical works are: a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the gospels and a history of their origin, Kritik der Evangelien and Geschichte ihres Ursprungs (1850-1852), a See also:

• BOOK

book on the Acts of the Apostles, Apostelgeschichte (1850), and a criticism of the Pauline epistles, Kritik der paulinischen Briefe (1850-1852) . He died at Rixdorf on the 13th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1882, His criticism of the New Testament was of a highly destructive type .

See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss in his Life of Jesus had accounted for the Gospel narratives as See also:

• HALF

half-conscious products of the mythic See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian communities . See also:

• BAUER, BRUNO (1809-1882)

Bauer ridiculed Strauss's notion that a community could produce a connected narrative . His own contention, embodying a theory of C . G . Wilke (Der Urevangelist, 1838), was that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original narrative was the Gospel of See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark; that this was composed in the reign of See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian; and that after this the other narratives were modelled by other writers . He, however, " regarded Mark not only as the first narrator, but even as the creator of the gospel history, thus making the latter a fiction and See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity the invention of a single original evangelist " (See also:

• PFLEIDERER, OTTO (1839—1908)

Pfleiderer) . On the same principle the four See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal Pauline epistles were regarded as forgeries of the and See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . He argued further for the preponderance of the Graeco-See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, as opposed to the Jewish, in the Christian writings . The writer of Mark's gospel was " an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home both in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria " ; that of See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew's gospel " a Roman, nourished by the spirit of See also:

• SENECA

Seneca "; the Pauline epistles were written in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West in antagonism to the See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul of the Acts, and so on . Christianity is essentially " Stoicism triumphant in a Jewish garb." This See also:

• LINE

line of criticism has found few supporters, mostly in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . It certainly had its value in emphasizing the importance of studying the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of environment in the formation of the Christian Scriptures . Bauer was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of rest-less, impetuous activity and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, if See also:

• ILL

ill-balanced, See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, one who, as he himself perceived, was more in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as a See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• LANCE

lance of criticism than as an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official teacher .

He came in the end to be regarded kindly even by opponents, and he was not afraid of taking a line displeasing to his liberal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends on the Jewish question (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Judenfrage, 1843) . His attitude towards the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews is dealt with in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the Jewish Encyclopedia . See generally See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie; and cf . See also:

• OTTO

Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology, p . 226; Carl See also:

• SCHWARZ (or SCHWARTZ), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798)
• SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

Schwarz, Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie, pp . 142 ff . ; and F . Lichtenberger, History of German Theology in the 19th Century (1889), PP . 374-378 .