FERDINAND

See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

CHRISTIAN

See also:

• FERDINAND CHRISTIAN BAUR (1792-1860)

BAUR (1792-1860)  , leader of the Tubingen school of theology, was born at Schmiden, near Canstatt, on the 21st of June 1792 . After receiving an earlytraining in the theological seminary at Blaubeuren, he went in 1809 to the university of Tubingen . Here he studied for a time under Ernst Bengel, grandson of the eminent New Testament critic, Johann Albrecht Bengel, and at this early stage in his career he seems to have been under the influence of the old Tubingen school: But at the same time the philosophers Immanuel Fichte and Friedrich Schelling were creating a wide and deep impression . In 1817 Baur returned to the theological seminary at Blaubeuren as professor .. This move marked a turning-point in his life, for he was now able to set to work upon those investigations on which his reputation rests . He had already, in 1817, written a review of G . Kaiser's Biblischc Theologie for Bengel's Archie fiir Theologie (ii . 656); its tone was moderate and conservative . When, a few years after. his appointment at Blaubeuren, he published his first important work, Symbolik and Mythologic oder die Naturreligion des Altertums (1824-1825), it became evident that he had made a deeper study of philosophy, and had come under the influence of Schelling and more particularly of Friedrich Schleiermacher . The learning of the work was fully recognized, and in 1826 the author was called to Tubingen as professor of theology . It is with Tubingen that his greatest literary achievements are associated . His earlier publications here treated of mythology and the history of dogma .

Das m¢nichdische Religionssystein appeared in 1831,

Apollonius von Tyana in 1832, Die christliche Gnosis in 1835, and Uber das Christliche im Platonismus oder Socrates and Christus in 1837 . As Otto Pfleiderer (Development of Theology, p . 285) observes, " the choice not less than the treatment of these subjects is indicative of the large breadth of view and the insight of the historian into the comparative history of religion." Meantime Baur had exchanged one master in philosophy for another, Schleiermacher for Hegel . In doing so, he had adopted completely the Hegelian philosophy of history . " Without philosophy," he has said, " history is always for me dead and dumb." The change of view is illustrated clearly in the essay, published in the Tiibinger Zeitschrift for 1831, on the Christ-party in the Corinthian Church, Die Christuspartei in der korinthischen Gemeinde, der Gegensatz des paulinischen and petrinischen in der altesten Kirche, der Apostel Petrus in Rom, the trend of which is suggested by the title . Baur contends that St Paul was opposed in Corinth by a Jewish-Christian party which wished to set up its own form of Christian religion instead of his universal Christianity . He finds traces of a keen conflict of parties in the post-apostolic age . The theory is further developed in a later work (1835, the year in which David Strauss' Leben Jesu was published), Uber die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe . In this Baur attempts to prove that the false teachers mentioned in the Epistles to Timothy and Titus are the Gnostics, particularly the Marcionites, of the second century, and consequently that the Epistles were produced in the middle of this century in opposition to Gnosticism . He next proceeded to investigate the Pauline Epistles and the Acts of the Apostles in the same manner, publishing his results in 1845 under the title Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi, sein Leben and Wirken, seine Brief e and seine Lehre . In this he contends that only the Epistles to the Galatians, Corinthians and Romans are genuinely Pauline, and that the Paul of Acts is a different person from the Paul of these genuine Epistles, the author being a Paulinist who, with an eye to the different parties in the Church, is at pains to represent Peter as far as possible as a Paulinist and Paul as far as possible as a Petrinist . Thus it becomes clear that Baur is prepared to apply his theory to the whole of the New Testament; in the words of H .

S .

Nash, " he carried a sweeping hypothesis into the examination of the New Testament." Those writings alone he considers genuine in which the conflict between Jewish-Christians and Gentile-Christians is clearly marked . In his Kritische Untersuchungen fiber die kanonischen Evangelien, ihr Verhaltniss zu einander, ihren Charakter and Ursprung (1847) he turns his attention to the Gospels, and here again finds that the authors were conscious of the conflict of parties; the Gospels reveal a mediating or conciliatory tendency (Tendon) on the part of the writers or redactors . The Gospels, in fact, are adaptations -' 5 or redactions of an older Gospel, such as the Gospel of the Hebrews, of Peter, of the Egyptians, or of the Ebionites . The Petrine Matthew bears the closest relationship to this original Gospel (Urevangelium); the Pauline Luke is later and arose independently; Mark represents a still later development; the account in John is idealistic: it " does not possess historical truth, and cannot and does not really lay claim to it." Baur's whole theory indeed starts with the supposition that Christianity was gradually developed out of Judaism . Before it could become a universal religion, it had to struggle with Jewish limitations and to overcome them . The early Christians were Jewish-Christians, to whom Jesus was the Messiah . Paul, on the other hand, represented a breach with Judaism, the Temple, and the Law . Thus there was some antagonism between the Jewish apostles, Peter, James and John and the Gentile apostle Paul, and this struggle continued down to the middle of the 2nd century . In short, the conflict between Petrinism and Paulinism is, as Carl Schwarz puts it, the key to the literature of the 1st and 2nd century . - But Baur was a theologian and historian as well as a Biblical critic; . As early as 1834 he published a strictly theological work, Gegensatz des Kathalicismus and Protestantismus nach den Prinzipien urzd Hauptdogmen der beiden Lehrbegrife, a strong defence of Protestantism on the lines of Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre, and a vigorous reply to J .

Mohler's Symbolik (1833) . This was followed by his larger histories of dogma, Die christliche Lekre von der Versohnung in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis auf die neueste Zeit (1838), Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit and Menschwerdung Galles in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung (3 vols., 1841-1843), and the Lehrbuck der, christlichen Dogmengeschiclzte (1847) . The value of these works is impaired somewhat by Baur's habit of making the history of dogma conform to the formulae of Hegel's philosophy, a procedure " which only served to obscure the truth and profundity of his conception of history as a true development of the human mind " (Pfleiderer) . Baur, however, soon came to attach more importance to personality, and to distinguish more carefully between religion and philosophy . The change is marked in his Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung (1852), Das Ckristenthum and die christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte (1853), and Die christliche Kirche von Anfang des vierten bis zum Elide des sechsten Jahrhunderts (1859), works preparatory to his Kirchengeschichte, in which the change of view is specially pronounced . The Kirchengeschichte was published in five volumes during the years 1853-1863, partly by Baur himself, partly by his son, Ferdinand Baur, and his son-in-law, Eduard Zeller, from notes and lectures which the author left behind him . Pfleiderer describes this work, especially the first volume, as " a classic for all time." " Taken as a whole, it is the first thorough and satisfactory attempt to explain the rise of Christianity and the Church on strictly historical lines, i.e. as a natural development of the religious spirit of our race under the combined operation of various human causes " (Development of Theology, p . 288) . Baur's lectures on the history of dogma, Ausfiihrlichere Varlesungen fiber die christliche Dogmengeschiclzte, were published later by his son (1865-1868) . Baur's views were revolutionary and often extreme; but, whatever may be thought of them, it is admitted that as a critic he, rendered a great service to theological science . " One thing is certain: New Testament study, since his time, has had a different colour " (H . S .

Nash) . He has had a number of disciples or followers, who have in many cases modified his positions . A full account of F . C . Baur's labours, and a

complete list of his writings will be found in the article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, in which his work is divided into three periods: (i) " Philosophy of Religion," (2) " Biblical criticism," (3) " Church History." See also H . S . Nash, The History of the Higher Criticism of the New Testament (New York, 1901) ; Otto Pfleiderer, The Development of Theology in Germany since Kant (trans., 189o); Carl Schwarz, Zur Gesehichte der neuesten Theologie (Leipzig, 1869) ; R . W . Mackay, The Tubingen School and its Antecedents (1863) ; A . S . Farrar, A Critical History of Free Thought in reference to the Christian Religion (Bampton Lectures, 1862) ; and cf. the article on " The Tubingen Historical School," in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. xix . No .

73, 1862 . (M . A .