See also:

• BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " See also:

• TOWN

town ")  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Saxon Upper See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia . Pop . (1890) 21,515; (1905) 29,412 . It occupies an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• SPREE

Spree, 68o ft. above the level of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, 32 M . E.N.E. from See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, on the Dresden-GSrlitz-See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of railway, and at the junction of lines from See also:

• SCHANDAU

Schandau and Konigswartha . The town is surrounded by walls, and outside these again by ramparts, now in See also:

• GREAT

great measure turned into promenades, and has extensive suburbs partly lying on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river . Among its churches the most remarkable is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, dating from the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 300 ft. in height . It is used by both Protestants and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen separating the parts assigned to each . There are five other churches, a handsome town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, an See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan-See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum, several hospitals, a See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics' See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, a famous See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school (gymnasium), a normal and several other See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and two public See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and manufactures are considerable, including woollen (stockings and See also:

• CLOTH

cloth), See also:

• LINEN

linen and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• SALTPETRE (from the Lat. sal, salt, Petra, a rock)

saltpetre, and See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing . It has also iron foundries, See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

potteries, distilleries, breweries, See also:

• CIGAR

cigar factories, &c . See also:

• BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

Bautzen was already in existence when See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I., the See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, conquered Lusatia in 928 .

It became a town and fortress under See also:

• OTTO

Otto I., his successor, and speedily attained considerable See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and importance, for a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of which it was indebted to the pilgrimages which were made to the " See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of St Peter," preserved in one of the churches . It suffered greatly during the Hussite See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and still more during the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War, in the course of which it was besieged and captured by the elector of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George (1620), See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of See also:

• WALLENSTEIN (properly WALDSTEIN), ALBRECHT WENZEL EUSEBIUS VON

Wallenstein (1633), and, in the following See also:

• YEAR

year was burned by its See also:

• COMMANDER

commander before being surrendered to the elector of Saxony . At the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague in 1635 it passed with Lusatia to Saxony as a war See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity . The town gives its name to a great See also:

• BATTLE

battle in' which, on the 20th and 21st of May 18131 See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. defeated an allied See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of Russians and Prussians (see NAPOLEOMC See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

CAMPAIGNS) . Battle of The position chosen by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies as that in which to Bautzen, 1813. receive the attack of Napoleon ran S.W. to N.E. from Bautzen on the left to the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Gleina on the right . Bautzen itself was held as an advanced See also:

• POST

post of the left wing (Russians), the main See also:

• BODY

body of which See also:

• LAY

lay 2 M. to the See also:

• REAR

rear (E.) near Jenkwitz . On the heights of Burk, 22 M . N.E. of Bautzen, was See also:

• KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH WILHELM VON (1777-1811)
• KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON (1715–1759)

Kleist's Prussian See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, with Yorck's in support . On Kleist's right at Pliskowitz (3 M . N.E. of Burk) lay See also:

• BLUCHER, GEBHARD LEBERECHT VON (1742—1819)

Blucher's corps, and on Blucher's right, formed at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle to him, and refused towards Gleina (7 M . N.E. by E. of Bautzen), were the Russians of See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay de Tolly . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country on which the battle was fought abounded in strong defensive positions, some of which were famous as battlegrounds of the Seven Years' War .

The whole line was covered by the river Spree, which served as an immediate See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence for the left and centre, and an obstacle to any force moving to attack the right; moreover the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the river and the position on this See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side was covered with a network of ponds and watercourses . Napoleon's right and centre approached (on a broad front owing to the want of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry) from Dresden by See also:

• BISCHOFSWERDA

Bischofswerda and See also:

• KAMENZ

Kamenz; the left under See also:

• NEY, MICHEL

Ney, which was separated by nearly 40 M. from the left of the main body at Luckau, was ordered to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march via Hoyerswerda, Weissig and Klix to strike the allies' right . At See also:

• NOON

noon on the loth, Napoleon, after a prolonged See also:

• RECONNAISSANCE (from Fr. reconnaitre, to recognize, Lat. recognoscere)

reconnaissance, advanced the main army against Bautzen and Burk, leaving the enemy's right to be dealt with by Ney on the morrow . He equally neglected the extreme left of the allies in the mountains, judging it impossible to move his See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery and cavalry in the broken ground there . See also:

• OUDINOT, CHARLES NICOLAS (1767-1847)

Oudinot's (XII.) corps, the extreme right wing, was to See also:

• WORK

work See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round by the hilly country to Jenkwitz in rear of Bautzen, See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald's (XI.) corps was to See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault Bautzen, and See also:

• MARMONT, AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUKE OF RAGUSA (1774–1852)

Marmont, with the VI. corps, to See also:

• CROSS

cross the Spree and attack the Prussians posted about Burk . These three corps were directed by See also:

• SOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU

Soult . Farther to the left, See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

Bertrand's (IV.) corps was held back to connect with Ney, who had then reached Weissig with the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column . The Guard and other general reserves were in rear of Macdonald and Marmont . Bautzen was taken without difficulty; Oudinot and Marmont easily passed the Spree on either side, and were formed up on the other bank of the river by about 4 P.M . A heavy and indecisive combat took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the evening between Oudinot and the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian left, directed by the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, in which Oudinot's men made a little progress towards Jenkwitz . Marmont's battle was more serious . The Prussians were not experienced troops, but were full of ardour and hatred of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French .

Kleist made a most stubborn resistance on the Burk See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, and Bertrand's corps was called up by Napoleon to join in the battle; but See also:

• PART

part of Blucher's corps fiercely engaged Bertrand, and Burk was not taken till 7 P.M . The French attack was much impeded by the ground and by want of See also:

• ROOM

room to deploy between the river and the enemy . But Napoleon's See also:

• OBJECT

object in thus forcing the fighting in the centre was achieved . The allies, feeling there the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the French attack, gradually See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon the reserves of their left and right to sustain the See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock . At nightfall Bautzen and Burk were in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the French, and the allied line now stretched from Jenkwitz northward to Pliskowitz, Blucher and Barclay maintaining their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original positions at Pliskowitz and Gleina . The See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 2oth-21st was spent by both armies on the battlefield . Napoleon cared little that the French centre was almost fought out; it had fulfilled its See also:

• MISSION

mission, and on the 21st the decisive point was to be Barclay's position . Soon after daybreak fighting was renewed along the whole line; but Napoleon lay down to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep until the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time appointed for Ney's attack . To a heavy See also:

• COUNTER

counter-stroke against Oudinot, which completely drove that See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal from the ground won on the'2oth, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor paid no more heed than to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Macdonald to support the XII corps . For in this second position of the allies, which was far more formidable thanthe original line, the decisive result could be brought about only by Ney . That commander had his own (III) corps, the corps of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor and of See also:

• LAURISTON, JACQUES ALEXANDRE BERNARD LAW, MARQUIS DE (1768—1828)

Lauriston and the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons under Reynier, a See also:

• TOTAL

total force of 6o,000 men . Lauriston, at the head of the column, had been sharply engaged on the loth, but had spent the loth in calculated inaction .

See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early on the 21st the flank attack opened; Ney and Lauriston moving See also:

• DIRECT

direct upon Gleina, while Reynier and Victor operated by a wide turning See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement against Barclay's right rear . The advance was carried out with precision; the Russians were quickly dislodged, and Ney was now closing upon the rear of Blucher's corps at the village of Preititz . Napoleon at once ordered Soult's four corps to renew their attacks in order to prevent the allies from reinforcing their right . But at the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment Ney halted; his orders were to be in Preititz at i r A.M. and he reached that place an See also:

• HOUR

hour earliex . The See also:

• RESPITE (O. Fr. respit, modern repit, Lat. respectus, regard, consideration, respicere, to look back at)

respite of an hour enabled the allies to organize a fierce counter-attack; Ney was checked until the flanking columns of Victor and Reynier could come upon the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene . At r P.M., when Ney resumed his advance, it was too See also:

• LATE

late to cut off the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the allies . Napoleon now made his final stroke . The Imperial Guard and all other troops in the centre, 8o,000 strong and covered by a great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of artillery, moved forward to the attack; and shortly the allied centre, depleted of its reserves, which had been sent to oppose Ney, was broken through and driven off the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . Blucher, now almost surrounded, called back the troops opposing Ney to make head against Soult, and Ney's four corps then carried all before them . Preparations had been made by the allies, ever since Ney's See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance,to break off the engagement, and now the tsar ordered a general retreat eastwards, himself with the utmost skill and bravery directing the rearguard . Thus the allies drew off unharmed, leaving no `rophies in the hands of Napoleon, whose success, tactically unquestionable, was, for a variety of reasons, and above all owing to the want of cavalry, a coup manqu€ strategically . The troops engaged were, on the French side 163,000 men, on that of the allies about 100,000; and the losses respectively about 20,000 and 13,500 killed and wounded .