BAUXITE  , a substance which has been considered to be a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• SPECIES

species, having the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition Al20(OH)4 (corresponding with alumina 73.9, See also:

• WATER

water 26.1%), and thus to be distinct from the crystallized See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium hydroxides, See also:

• DIASPORE

diaspore (AlO(OH)) and gibbsite (= hydrargillite, Al(OH)3) . It was first described by P . See also:

• BERTHIER, LOUIS ALEXANDRE

Berthier in 1821 as " alumine hydratee de See also:

• BEAUX, CECILIA (1863– )

Beaux," and was named beauxite by P . A . Dufrenoy in 1847 and bauxite by E . H . Sainte-Claire Deville in 1861; this name being derived from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original locality, the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• LES

Les Baux (or Beaux), near See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles, dep . Bouches-du-See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where the material has been for many years extensively See also:

• MINED

mined as an ore of aluminium . It is never found in a crystallized See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but always as earthy, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay-like or concretionary masses, often with a pisolitic structure . In See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour it varies from See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white through yellow and See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown to red, depending on the amount and the degree of hydration of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PRESENT

present . The specific gravity also varies with the amount of iron; that of the variety known as wocheinite (from near See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Wochein, near Radmannsdorf, in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)

Carniola) is given as 2.55 . The numerous chemical analyses, which have mostly been made for technical purposes, show that material known as bauxite varies very widely in composition, the maximum and minimum percentages of each constituent being as follows: alumina (Al203) 33.2—76.9; water (H20) 8.6—31.4; iron See also:

• OXIDE

oxide (Fe2O3) 0.1—48.8; See also:

• SILICA

silica (SiO2) o•3—37.8; titanic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid (TiO2) up to 4 .

The material is thus usually very impure, being mixed with clay, See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz-See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and hydroxides of iron in variable amounts, the presence of which may be seen by a microscopical examination . Analyses of purer material often approximate to diaspore or gibbsite in composition, and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute crystalline scales of these minerals have been detected under the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope . Bauxite can therefore scarcely be regarded as a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple mineral, but rather as a mixture of gibbsite and diaspore with various impurities; it is in fact strikingly like See also:

• LATERITE (Lat. later, a brick)

laterite, both in chemical composition and in microscopical structure . Laterite is admittedly a decomposition-product of igneous or other crystalline rocks, and the same is no doubt also true of bauxite: The deposits in Co . See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim occur with pisolitic iron ore inter-bedded with the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary basalts, and similar deposits are met with in connexion. with the basaltic rocks of the Westerwald in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the more extensive deposits in the south of France (departments Bouches-du-Rhone, See also:

• ARIEGE

Ariege, See also:

• HERAULT

Herault, See also:

• VAR

Var) and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• UNITED

United States (See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama, See also:

• ARKANSAS

Arkansas) are often associated with limestones; in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the origin of the bauxite has been ascribed to the chemical See also:

• ACTION

action of solutions of aluminium sulphate on the limestones . Bauxite is of value chiefly as a source of metallic aluminium (q.v.); the material is first purified by chemical processes, after which the aluminium hydroxide is reduced in the electric See also:

• FURNACE

furnace . Bauxite is also largely used in the manufacture of See also:

• ALUM

alum and other aluminium salts used in See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing . Its refractory qualities render it available for the manufacture of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-bricks and crucibles . (L . J .