See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)  , a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, next to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia the largest See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in See also:

• AREA

area and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . It consists of two distinct and unequal portions, See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria proper, and the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie from 25 to 40 M . W. apart and are separated by the See also:

• GRAND

grand-duchies of See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden and See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Bavaria proper is bounded on the S. by the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, on the N.E., towards Bohemia, by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long range of mountains known as the Bohmerwald, on the N. by the See also:

• FICHTELGEBIRGE

Fichtelgebirge and the See also:

• FRANKENWALD

Frankenwald, which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate it from the kingdom of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, the principality of See also:

• REUSS
• REUSS, EDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGENE (1804–18gr)

Reuss, the duchies of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• COBURG

Coburg-See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha and See also:

• MEININGEN

Meiningen and the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Hesse-See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel . The ranges seldom exceed the height of 3000 or 4000 ft.; but the ridges in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, towards See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol, frequently attain an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of goon or lo,000 ft . On the W . Bavaria is bounded by See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, Baden and Hesse-See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country mainly belongs to the basins of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main; by far the greater portion being drained by the former See also:

• RIVER

river, which, entering from See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia as a navigable stream, traverses the entire breadth of the kingdom, with a winding course of 200 m., and receives in its passage the I11er, the See also:

• LECH (Licus)

Lech, the See also:

• ISAR (identical with Isere, in Celtic " the rapid ")

Isar and the See also:

• INN

Inn from the south, and the Naab, the See also:

• ALTMUHL

Altmuhl and the Wornitz from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . The Inn is navigable before it enters Bavarian territory, and afterwards receives the Salzach, a large river flowing from Upper See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . The Isar does not become navigable till it has passed See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich; and the Lech is a stream of a similar See also:

• SIZE

size . The Main traverses the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern regions, or Upper and See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia, with a very winding course and greatly facilitates the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the provinces . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district watered by the southern tributaries of the Danube consists for the most See also:

• PART

part of an extensive See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, with a mean elevation of 2390 ft .

In the mountainous parts of the country there are numerous lakes and in the lower portions considerable stretches of marshy ground . The smaller or western portion, the Palatinate, is bounded on the E. by the Rhine, which divides it from the grand-duchy of Baden, on the S. by See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, and on the W. and N. by a lofty range of hills, the Haardtgebirge, which separate it from See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine and the Prussian Rhine province . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Bavaria differs greatly according to the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the region, being See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold in the vicinity of Tirol but warm in the plains adjoining the Danube and the Main . On the whole, the temperature is in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months considerably colder than that of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal hotter during summer and autumn . Area and Population.—Bavaria proper, or the eastern portion,543 contains an area of 26,998 sq. m., and the Palatinate or western, 2288 sq. m., making the whole extent of the kingdom about 29,286 sq. m . The See also:

• TOTAL

total population, according to the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1905, was 6,512,824 . Almost a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the inhabitants live in towns, of which Munich and See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg have populations exceeding roo,000, See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg, See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg, See also:

• FURTH

Furth and See also:

• LUDWIGSHAFEN

Ludwigshafen between 50,000 and 1oo,000, while twenty-six other towns number from ro,000 to 50,000 inhabitants . Ethnographically, the Bavarians belong to various See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient tribes; Germanized Slays in the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, Swabians and See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks in the centre, Franks towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and, in the Palatinate, See also:

• WALLOONS (Wallons, from a common Teut. word meaning " foreign," cf. Ger. Welsch, Du. waalsch, Eng. Welsh)

Walloons . Politically, the country is divided into eight provinces, as follows: Provinces . See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Capital . Pop. of Province Area in in 1905. sq. m . Upper Bavaria Munich .

. I,410,763 6,456 Lower Bavaria . . See also:

• LANDSHUT

Landshut 706,345 4,152 Upper Palatinate . See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg . 573,476 3,728 Upper Franconia . See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth 637,239 2,702 See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Franconia See also:

• ANSBACH

Ansbach . . 868,072 2,925 Lower Franconia . Wurzburg 680,769 3,243 Swabia . . Augsburg 750,880 3,792 The Palatinate See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires . . 885,28o 2,288 Total . . 6,512,824 29,286 See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion.—The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the inhabitants (about 70%) are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics . The See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant-Evangelical See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church claims about 29 %, while See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews; and a very small number of other sects, See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder . The districts of Lower Bavaria, Upper Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate are almost wholly Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, while in the Rhine Palatinate, Upper Franconia, and especially Middle Franconia, the preponderance is on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Protestants .

The exercise of religious See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in Bavaria is altogether See also:

• FREE

free . The Protestants have the same See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights as the Roman Catholics, and the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign may be either Roman Catholic or Protestant . Of the Roman Catholic Church the heads are the two archbishops of Munich-See also:

• FREISING

Freising and See also:

• BAMBERG

Bamberg, and the six bishops of See also:

• EICHSTATT

Eichstatt, Spires, Wurzburg, Augsburg, Regensburg and See also:

• PASSAU

Passau, of whom the first three are suffragans of Bamberg . The " Old Catholic " party, under the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BONN

Bonn, has failed, despite its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early successes, to take deep See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root in the country . Among the Protestants the highest authority is the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory of Munich . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the different religions in 290o were as follows:—Roman Catholics, 4,357,133; Protestants, 1,749,206; Jews, 54,928 . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education.—Bavaria, formerly backward in education, has recently done much in this connexion . The state has two Roman Catholic See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, Munich and Wurzburg, and a Lutheran, See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen; in Munich there are a See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic, an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of sciences and an academy of See also:

• ART

art . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Of the total See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Bavaria about one-See also:

• HALF

half is under cultivation, one-third See also:

• FOREST

forest, and the remaining See also:

• SIXTH

sixth mostly pasture . The level country, including both Lower Bavaria (extending northwards to the Danube) and the western and middle parts of Franconia, is productive of See also:

• RYE

rye, oats, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, and also of See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• MADDER

madder and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and vines . The last are grown chiefly in the vicinity of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Main, in the lower part of its course, and in the Palatinate of the Rhine . Hops are extensively grown in central Franconia; See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco (the best in Germany) See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Nuremberg and in the Palatinate, which also largely produces the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• BEET

beet .

Potatoes are cultivated in all the provinces: but especially in the Palatinate and in the See also:

• SPESSART

Spessart district, which lies in the north-west within a See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the Main . The southern divisions of Swabia and Upper Bavaria, where pasture-See also:

• LAND

land predominates, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-breeding district and the See also:

• DAIRY

dairy produce is extensive . Here also horses are bred in large numbers . The extent of forest forms nearly a third of the total area of Bavaria . This is owing to various causes: the amount of hilly and mountainous country, the thinness of the population and the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of keeping a given extent of ground under See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood for the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . More than a third of the forests are public See also:

• PROPERTY

property and furnish a considerable addition to the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . They are principally situated in the provinces of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Palatinate of the Rhine . The forests are well stocked with See also:

• GAME

game, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, See also:

• CHAMOIS

chamois (in the Alps), See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild boars, capercailzic, See also:

• GROUSE

grouse, pheasants, &c. being plentiful . The greater proportion of the land throughout the kingdom is in the hands of See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant proprietors, the extent of the separate holdings differing very much in different districts . The largest peasant property may be about 170 acres, and the smallest, except in the Palatinate, about 50 . Minerals.—The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MINERAL

mineral deposits in Bavaria are See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore, See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . The coal mines lie principally in the districts of See also:

• AMBERG

Amberg, See also:

• KISSINGEN

Kissingen, Steben, Munich and the Rhine Palatinate .

Salt is obtained on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale partly from brine springs and partly from mines, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal centres being See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, See also:

• BERCHTESGADEN

Berchtesgaden, See also:

• TRAUNSTEIN

Traunstein and See also:

• ROSENHEIM

Rosenheim . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly which had long existed was abolished in 1867 and free trade was established in salt between the members of the customs-See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union . Of quicksilver there are several mines, chiefly in the Palatinate of the Rhine; and small quantities of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese and See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt are obtained . There are numerous quarries of excellent See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster, See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum and See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone; and the See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain-See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay is among the finest in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . To these may be added See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

emery, steatite, See also:

• BARYTES

barytes, See also:

• FELSPAR, or FELDSPAR

felspar and ochre, in considerable quantities; excellent lithographic stone is obtained at Solenhofen; and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver are still worked, but to an insignificant extent . Manufactures and Trade.—A See also:

• GREAT

great stimulus was given to manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in Bavaria by the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1868, which abolished the last remains of the old restrictions of the See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, and gave the whole country the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty which had been enjoyed by the Rhine Palatinate alone . The chief centres of industry are Munich, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Furth, Erlangen, See also:

• ASCHAFFENBURG

Aschaffenburg, Regensburg, Wurzburg, Bayreuth, Anshach, Bamberg and See also:

• HOF

Hof in Bavaria proper, and in the Palatinate Spires and the Rhine See also:

• PORT

port of Ludwigshafen . The main centres of the hardware industry are Munich, Nuremberg, Augsburg and Furth; the two first especially for locomotives and automobiles, the last for See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin-See also:

• FOIL

foil and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal toys . Aschaffenburg manufactures See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy goods, Augsburg and Hof produce excellent See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, and Munich has a great reputation for scientific See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . In Franconia are numerous See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, and the manufacture of wooden toys is largely carried on in the forest districts of Upper Bavaria . A considerable quantity of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass is made, particularly in the Bohmerwald . See also:

• BREWING

Brewing forms an important industry, the best-known breweries being those of Munich, Nuremberg, Erlangen and See also:

• KULMBACH, or CULMBACH

Kulmbach .

Other articles of manufacture are See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, tobacco, porcelain, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead pencils (Nuremberg), See also:

• PLATE

plate-glass, sugar, matches, See also:

• ANILINE, PHENYLADIINE, or AMINOBENZENE, (C6H5NH2)

aniline dyes, See also:

• STRAW

straw hats and baskets . The See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of Bavaria is very considerable . The exports consist chiefly of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, potatoes, hops, See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, cloth, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods, glass, fancy wares, toys, cattle, pigs and vegetables . The seat of the See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop-trade is Nuremberg; of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, Augsburg . The imports comprise sugar, tobacco, See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, See also:

• SILK

silk and See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig iron . Communications.—Trade is served by an excellent railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system and there are steamboat services on the navigable See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, to the east by way of Passau on the Danube, and to the west by Ludwigshafen . The high roads of Bavaria, many of which are military roads laid out at the beginning of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, extend in all over about Io,000 m . There were 4377 M. of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways in operation in 1904, of which about 3800 were in the hands of the state, and about 440 M. belonged to the private system of the Palatinate . The principal See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal is the Ludwigs-'canal, which connects the Rhine with the Danube, extending from Bamberg on the See also:

• REGNITZ

Regnitz to Dietfurt on the Altmtihl . There is an extensive network of See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph and See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone lines . All behng to the government See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, which forms an administrative system See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the imperial German post office . Constitution and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—By the treaty of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles (23rd See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 187o) and the imperial constitution of the 16thof See also:

• APRIL

April 1871, Bavaria was incorporated with the German empire, reserving, however, certain separate privileges (Sonderrechte) in respect of the administration of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, the railways and the posts, the See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise duties on beer, the rights of See also:

• DOMICILE (Lat. domicilium, from domus, home)

domicile and the See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance of real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate .

The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king is the supreme chief of the army, and matters requiring See also:

• ADJUDICATION (Lat. adjudicatio; adjudicare, to award)

adjudication in the See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-general's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court are referred to a See also:

• SPECIAL

special Bavarian court attached to the supreme imperial military tribunal in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . Bavaria is represented in the Bundesrat by six votes and sends See also:

• FORTY

forty-eight deputies to the imperial See also:

• DIET

diet . The Bavarian constitution is mainly founded on the constitutional See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the 26th of May 1818, modified by subsequent acts—that of the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1823 as affecting the upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and those of the 4th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1848 and of the 21st of March 1881 as affecting the lower—and is a limited See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, with a legislative See also:

• BODY

body of two houses . The See also:

• CROWN

crown is hereditary in the house of See also:

• WITTELSBACH

Wittelsbach, according to the rights of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture, See also:

• FEMALES

females being excluded from See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession so long as male See also:

• AGNATES (Agnati)

agnates of equal See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth exist . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the sovereign is king of Bavaria, that of his presumptive See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir is crown-See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Bavaria, and during the minority or incapacity of the sovereign a regency is declared, which is vested in the nearest male agnate capable of ascending the See also:

• THRONE

throne . Such a regency began on the loth of June 1886, at first for King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis II., and after the 14th of the same See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month for King See also:

• OTTO

Otto I., in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the prince See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent Luitpold . The executive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power resides in the king and the responsibility for the government of the kingdom in his ministers . The royal See also:

• FAMILY

family is Roman Catholic, and the seat of government is Munich, the capital . The upper house of the Bavarian See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (Kammer der Reichsrate) is composed of (1) the princes of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood royal (being of full See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age), (2) the ministers of the crown, (3) the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishops of Munich, Freising and Bamberg, (4) the heads of such See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families as were formerly " immediate " so long as they retain their ancient possessions in Bavaria, (5) of a Roman Catholic bishop appointed by the king for See also:

• LIFE

life, and of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being of the Protestant consistory, (6) of hereditary counsellors (Reichsrate) appointed by the king, and (7) of other counsellors appointed by the king for life . The lower house (Kammer der Abgeordneten) or chamber of representatives, consists, since 1881, of 159 deputies, in proportion of one—reckoned on the census of 1875—to every 31i500 inhabit-ants . A general See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place every six years, and, under the electoral law of 1906, is See also:

• DIRECT

direct . Qualifications for the general body of See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors are full age of twenty-five years, Bavarian citizenship of one See also:

• YEAR

year at least, and See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of all rates and taxes .

Parliament must be assembled every three years, but as the See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget is taken every two years, it is regularly called together within that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . No See also:

• LAWS

laws affecting the liberty or property of the subject can be passed without the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of parliament . Revenue.—The following is a fairly typical statement of the budget estimates (1902-1903), in marks (= 1 See also:

• SHILLING

shilling See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling): Disbursements . Mks . Direct taxes 38,199,000 Civil See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . 5,402,475 Customs and indirect State See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt . 51,323,200 taxes . 50,900,990 See also:

• MINISTRY

Ministry of the State railways . 184,551,000 Royal house and Posts and tele- of See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign dept . . 688,398 graphs 41,665,100 Ministry of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . 20,615,299 Forests and agri- Ministry of interior . 30,055,338 cultural dues .

37,395,000 Public worship and Imperial assign- education . 34,667,673 ments . 62,571,605 See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

Minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance 6,696,78o Contribution to See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- perial See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . 72,647,090 415,282,695 222,296,253 = 20,764,135 =£It,r14,813 The public debt amounts to about f95,000,000, of which over 75 % was incurred for railways . Army.—The Bavarian army forms a separate portion of the army of the German empire, with a separate administration, but in time of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war is under the supreme command of the German Receipts . Mks . See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . The regulations applicable to other sections of the whole imperial army are, however, observed . It consists, on a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace footing, of three army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, 1st, and and 3rd Royal Bavarian (each of two divisions), the headquarters of which are in Munich, Nuremberg and Wurzburg respectively . The Bavarian army comprises sixty-seven battalions of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, two battalions of rifles, ten regiments of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry (two heavy, two See also:

• ULAN (formerly spelt Uhlan)

Ulan and six Chevauxlegers), a See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron of mounted infantry (See also:

• JAGER, GUSTAV (1832– )

Jager-zu-pfcrde), twelve See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field- and two See also:

• FOOT

foot-See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery regiments, three battalions of See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, three of army service, and a See also:

• BALLOON

balloon See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section; in all 6o,000 men with 1o,000 horses . In time of war the total force is trebled . (P .

A . A.) See also:

• HISTORY

HISTORY The earliest known inhabitants of the district afterwards called Bavaria were a See also:

• PEOPLE

people, probably of See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic extraction, who were subdued by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans just before the opening of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era, when colonies were founded among them and their land was included in the province of See also:

• RAETIA (so always in inscriptions; in classical MSS. usually RHAETIA)

Raetia . During the 5th century it was ravaged by the troops of See also:

• ODOACER, or ODOVACAR (c. 434-493)

Odoacer and, after being almost denuded of inhabitants, was occupied by tribes who, pushing along the valley of the Danube, settled there between A.O . 488 and 520 . Many conjectures have been formed concerning the See also:

• RACE

race and origin of these people, who were certainly a new and cpmposite social aggregate . Most likely they were descendants of the See also:

• MARCOMANNI (i.e. men of the mark, or border)

Marcomanni, Quadi and Narisci, tribes of the Suevic or Swabian race, with possibly a small intermixture, of See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic or Celtic elements . They were called Baioarii, Baiowarii, Bawarii or Baiuwarii, words derived most probably from Baja or Baya, corruptions of Bojer, and given to them because they came from Bojerland or Bohemia . Another but less probable explanation derives the name from a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the old high German word uud.ra, meaning See also:

• LEAGUE

league, and bai, a Gothic word for both . The Bavarians are first mentioned in a Frankish document of 520, and twenty years later Jordanes refers to them as lying east of the Swabians . Their country See also:

• BORE

bore some traces of Roman See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and its main boundaries were the Enna, the Danube, the Lech and the Alps; but its See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement was a See also:

• WORK

work of time . The Bavarians soon came under the dominion of the Franks, probably without a serious struggle; and were ruled from 555 to 788 by See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of the Agilolfing family, who were Frankish influence. possibly of Frankish descent . For a century and a ~' ~' half a succession of dukes resisted the inroads of the Slays on their eastern frontier, and by the time of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Theodo I., who died in 717, were completely independent of the feeble Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings .

When See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel became the virtual ruler of the Frankish See also:

• REALM

realm he brought the Bavarians into strict dependence, and deposed two dukes successively for See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy . See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short was equally successful in maintaining his authority, and several marriages took place between the family to which he belonged and the Agilolfings, who were See also:

• UNITED

united in a similar manner with the kings of the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards . The ease with which various risings were suppressed by the Franks gives See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to the supposition that they were rather the outcome of family quarrels than the revolt of an oppressed people . Between the years i39 and 748 the Bavarian law was committed to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing and supplementary clauses were afterwards added, all of which