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ANDREW BAXTER (1686-1750)

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Originally appearing in Volume V03, Page 551 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ANDREW See also:BAXTER (1686-1750)  , Scottish metaphysician, was See also:born in See also:Aberdeen and educated at See also:King's See also:College . He maintained himself by acting as See also:tutor to noblemen's sons . From 1741 to 1747 he lived with See also:Lord See also:Blantyre and Mr See also:Hay of Drummelzier at See also:Utrecht, and made excursions in See also:Flanders, See also:France and See also:Germany . Returning to See also:Scotland, he lived at Whittingehame, near See also:Edinburgh, till his See also:death in 1750 . At See also:Spa he had met See also:John Wilkes, then twenty years of See also:age, and formed a lasting friendship with him . His See also:chief See also:work, An Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul (See also:editions 1733, 1737 and 1745; with appendix added in 1750 in See also:answer to an attack in Mac- laurin's See also:Account of See also:Sir I . See also:Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, and See also:dedication to John Wilkes), examines the properties of See also:matter . The, one essential See also:property of matter is its inactivity, vis inertiae (accepted later by See also:Monboddo) . All See also:movement in matter is, therefore, caused by some immaterial force, namely, See also:God . But the movements of the See also:body are not analogous to the movements of matter; they are caused by a See also:special immaterial force, the soul . The soul, as being immaterial, is immortal, and its consciousness does not depend upon its connexion with the body . The See also:argument is supported by an See also:analysis of the phenomena of dreams, which are ascribed to See also:direct spiritual influences .

Lastly See also:

Baxter attempted to prove that matter is finite . His work is an attack on See also:Toland's Letters to See also:Serena (1704), which argued that See also:motion is essential to matter, and on See also:Locke and See also:Berkeley . His See also:criticism of Berkeley (in the second See also:volume) is, however, based on the See also:common misinterpretation of his theory (see BERKELEY) . Sir See also:Leslie See also:Stephen speaks of him as a curious example of " the effects of an exploded See also:metaphysics on a feeble though ingenious See also:intellect." Beside the Inquiry, Baxter wrote Matho sive Cosmotheoria Puerilis (an exposition in Latin of the elements of See also:astronomy written for his pupils—editions in See also:English 1740, 1745 and 1765, with one See also:dialogue re-written); See also:Evidence of See also:Reason in See also:Proof of the See also:Immortality of the Soul (published posthumously from See also:MSS . by Dr See also:Duncan in 1779) . See See also:life in Biographia Britannica; McCosh's Scottish See also:Philosophy, PP . 42-49 .

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