BAYEZID II  . (1447-1512), See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, was the son of Mahommed II., whom he succeeded in 1481, but only after gaining over the See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

janissaries by a large donative, which hence-forth became for centuries the invariable See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative of that undisciplined See also:

• BODY

body on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of a new sultan . Before he could establish himself on the See also:

• THRONE

throne a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggle ensued with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Jem . Being routed, Jem fled for See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to the knights of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John at See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes, who, in spite of a safe-conduct granted to him, accepted a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension from Bayezid as the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price for keeping him a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close prisoner . (See See also:

• AUBUSSON
• AUBUSSON, PIERRE

AUBUSSON, See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE D'.) So long as Jem lived he was a perpetual menace to the sultan's See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and there was considerable rivalry among the sovereigns of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of so valuable an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for bringing pressure to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte for the purpose of extracting See also:

• MONEY

money or concessions . By See also:

• COMMON

common consent the prince was ultimately entrusted to See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent VIII., who used him not only to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute out of the sultan, but to prevent the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of Bayezid's ambitious designs in the Mediterranean . His successor, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI., used him for a more questionable purpose, namely, not only to extract the arrears of the pension due for Jem's safe-keeping, but, by enlarging on See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V.'s intention of setting him up as sultan, to persuade Bayezid to aid him against the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . There appears, however, to be no truth in the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report that Bayezid succeeded in bribing the pope to have Jem poisoned . The prince, who had lived on excellent terms with Alexander, died at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1495, possibly as the result of excesses in which he had been deliberately encouraged by the pope . Whether as a result of his fear of the rivalry of Jem, or of his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, Bayezid showed little of the aggressive spirit of his warlike predecessors; and See also:

• MACHIAVELLI, NICCOLO (1469-1527)

Machiavelli said that another such sultan would cause Turkey to cease being a menace to Europe . He abandoned the attack on Rhodes at the first check, made concessions, for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of peace, to See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and reduced the tribute due from See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

Ragusa . His See also:

• WARS

wars were of the nature of raids, on the Dalmatian See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and into Croatia, See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland .

The See also:

• THREAT

threat of the growing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean of Venice, which had acquired See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus in 1489, at last roused him to a more serious effort; and in 1499 the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out with the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, which ended in 1502 by the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation to Turkey of See also:

• LEPANTO

Lepanto and Modon, Coron and See also:

• NAVARINO, BATTLE OF

Navarino in the Morea . Bayezid himself conducted the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Modon in 1500 . The See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative inactivity of Bayezid in the direction of Europe was partly due to preoccupation elsewhere . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south he was threatened by the dangerous rivalry of Kait See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey, the See also:

• MAMELUKE (anglicized through the French, from the Arabic mantluk, a slave)

Mameluke sultan of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, who had extended his power northwards as far as See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus and See also:

• ADANA

Adana . In 1488 he gained a See also:

• GREAT

great victory over the Ottomans, and in 1491 a peace was made which was not again broken till after Bayezid's See also:

• DEATH

death . On the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia too, where the decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Shurur (1502) had raised to power See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail, the first of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LINE

line of shahs, danger threatened the sultan, and the latter years of his reign were troubled by the spread, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the new See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian power, of the Shi'ite See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine in See also:

• KURDISTAN

Kurdistan and See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . The forces destined to maintain his authority in Asia had been entrusted by Bayezid to his three sons, Ahmed, Corcud and See also:

• SELIM

Selim; and the sultan's declining years were embittered by their revolts and rivalry . Soon after the great See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake of 1509, which laid See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople in ruins, Selim, the ungovernable See also:

• PASHA

pasha of See also:

• TREBIZOND (Gr. Trapezus)

Trebizond, whose vigorous See also:

• RULE

rule in Asia had given Europe an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest of his future career as sultan, appeared before See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople, where Bayezid had sought refuge . The sultan had designated Ahmed as his successor, but Selim, though temporarily defeated, succeeded in winning over the janissaries . On the 25th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1512 Bayezid was forced to abdicate in his favour, and died a few days later . See J .B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury in the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge Modern See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. i. See also:

• CHAP

chap. iii. and bibliography p .

700 .