See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

BEAN (a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)  , the See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed of certain leguminous See also:

• PLANTS

plants cultivated for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food all over the See also:

• WORLD

world, and furnished chiefly by the genera Vicia, Phaseolus, Dolichos and others . The See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean, in all its varieties, as cultivated in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and on the continents of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• AMERICA

America, is the produce of Vicia Faba . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French bean, See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney bean, or haricot, is the seed of Phaseolus vulgaris; but in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India several other See also:

• SPECIES

species of this genus of plants are raised, and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form no small portion of the See also:

• DIET

diet of the inhabitants . Besides these there are numerous other pulses cultivated for the food both of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and domestic animals, to which the name bean is frequently given . The common bean is even more nutritious than See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat; and it contains a very high proportion of nitrogenous See also:

• MATTER

matter under the form of legumin, which amounts on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average to 24% . It is, however, a rather coarse food, and difficult of digestion, and is chiefly used to feed horses, for which it is admirably adapted . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England French beans are chiefly, almost exclusively, used in the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state; the whole pod being eaten as a table See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable or prepared as a See also:

• PICKLE

pickle . It is wholesome and nutritious; and in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the pods are preserved in See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt by almost every See also:

• FAMILY

family for See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring use . The green pods are cut across obliquely, most generally by a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine invented for the purpose, and salted in barrels . When wanted for use they are steeped in fresh See also:

• WATER

water to remove the salt, and broiled or stewed they form an agreeable addition to the diet at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when no other vegetable may be had . The broad bean—Vicia Faba, or Faba vulgaris, as it is known by those botanists who regard the slight See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences which distinguish it from the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the species of the See also:

• VETCH

vetch genus (Vicia) as of generic importance—is an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual which has been cultivated from prehistoric times for its nutritious seeds . The See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake-dwellers of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in the See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age cultivated a small-fruited variety, and it was grown in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, though, according to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, regarded by the priests as unclean .

The ancient Greeks called it avagos, the Latins faba, but there is no See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that the plant is anative of Europe . See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse de See also:

• CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRAME DE (1778—1841)

Candolle (Origin of Cultivated Plants, p . 320) concludes that the bean was introduced into Europe probably by the western See also:

• ARYANS

Aryans at the time of their earliest migrations . He suggests that its See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat was two-See also:

• FOLD

fold some thousands of years ago, one of the centres being to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian, the other in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and that its See also:

• AREA

area has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been in See also:

• PROCESS

process of diminution and extinction . The nature of the plant favours this See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, for its seed has no means of dispersing itself, and rodents or other animals can easily make See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey of it; the struggle for existence which was going against this plant as against See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize would have gradually isolated it and caused it to disappear, if man had not saved it by cultivation . It was introduced into See also:

• CHINA

China a little before the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era, later into See also:

• JAPAN

Japan and more recently into India, though it has been suggested that in parts of the higher Himalayas its cultivation has survived from very ancient times . It is a plant which will flourish in all See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

• SOIL

soil . The seeds are sown about 4 in. apart, in drills 22 ft. asunder for the smaller and 3 ft. for the larger sorts . The soil should, preferabiy, be a rather heavy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, deeply worked and well enriched . For an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, seeds may be sown in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and protected during winter in the same manner as early peas . An early crop may also be obtained by dibbling in the seeds in November, sheltering by a See also:

• FRAME

frame, and in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February transplanting them to a warm border . Successional crops are obtained by See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing suitable varieties from See also:

• JANUARY

January to the end of See also:

• JUNE

June .

All the culture necessary is that the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up about the stems . The plants are usually topped when the pods have set, as this not only removes the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• APHIDES (pl. of Aphis)

aphides which often See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle there, but is also found to promote the filling of the pods . The following are some of the best sorts: for early use, Early See also:

• MAZAGAN (El Jadida)

Mazagan, Long-pod, See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall's Early Prolific and See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville Long-pod; for See also:

• LATE

late use, See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter's See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

Mammoth Long-pod and Broad See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor . The See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-bean is a variety—See also:

• VAR

var. equina . Cultivation of See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field-bean.—Several varieties of Vicia Faba (e.g. the horse bean, the mazagan, the tick bean, the winter bean) are cultivated in the field for the See also:

• SAKE

sake both of the See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, which is used as food for live-stock, and of the haulm, which serves for either See also:

• FODDER

fodder or See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter . They are best adapted for heavy soils such as See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays or clayey loams . The time for sowing is from the end of January to the beginning of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, or in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of winter beans from the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of November . The bean-crop is usually interposed between two crops of wheat or some other cereal . If spring beans are to be sown, the See also:

• LAND

land after See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest is dressed with farmyard manure, which is then ploughed in . In January the soil is levelled with the harrows, and the seed, which should be hard and See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, is drilled in rows from 15 to 24 in. apart at the See also:

• RATE

rate of from 2 to 22 bushels to the See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre and then harrowed in . The alternative is to " dibble " the seed in the furrow See also:

• LEFT

left by the autumn ploughing and See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover it in with the harrows; or the land may be ridged with the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-breasted plough, manure deposited in the furrows and the seed sown broadcast, the ridges being then split back so as to cover both manure and seed . After the plant shows, horse-hoeing and See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-hoeing between the rows is carried on so long as the plant is small enough to suffer no injury therefrom .

The routine of cultivation for winter beans hardly differs from that described except as regards the time of sowing . Beans are cut when the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf is fallen and the haulm is almost black either with the See also:

• FAGGING (from " fag," meaning " weary"; of uncertain etymology)

fagging See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook or the See also:

• REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping machine, though the stoutness of the stalks causes a severe See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain on the latter See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement . They are tied and stooked, and are so left for a considerable time before stacking . There is less fear of injury to the crop through See also:

• DAMP

damp than in the case of other cereals . Their value for feeding purposes increases in the stack, where they may remain for a See also:

• YEAR

year or more before threshing . See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

Pea and bean weevils, both striped (Sitones lineatus) and spotted (Sitones crinitus), and the bean aphis (Aphis rumicis), are noted pests of the crop . Winter beans come to maturity earlier than the spring-sown varieties, and are therefore strong enough to resist the attacks of the aphis by the end of June, when it begins its ravages . Field-beans yield from 25 to 35 bushels to the acre . Phascolus vulgaris, the kidney, French or haricot bean, an annual; See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf and bushy in grow th,is widely cultivated in See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper-See also:

• ATE

ate, sub-tropical and tropical regions, but is nowhere known as a wild plant . It was long supposed to be of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian origin, an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea which was disproved by Alphonse de Candolle, who sums up the facts bearing on its origin as follows :—Phaseolus vulgaris has not been long cultivated in India, the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and Egypt, and it is not certain that it was known in Europe before the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of America . At the latter See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch the number of varieties in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European gardens suddenly increased, and all authors began to mention them . The majority of the species of the genus exist in South America, and seeds apparently belonging to the species in question have been found in Peruvian tombs of an uncertain date, intermixed 'with many species, all See also:

• AMERICAN

American ..

Hence it is probable that the plant is of South American origin, It is a See also:

• TENDER

tender annual, and should be grown in a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich light loamy soil and a warm sheltered situation . The soil should be well enriched with hot-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed dung . The earliest crop may be sown by the end of March or beginning of See also:

• APRIL

April . If, however, the temperature of the soil is below 450, the beans make but little progress . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main crops should be got in early in May; and a later sowing may be made early in See also:

• JULY

July . The earlier plantings may be sown in small pots, and put in frames or houses, until they can be safely planted out-of-doors . A light covering of See also:

• STRAW

straw or some other See also:

• SIMPLE

simple shelter suffices to protect from late frosts . The seeds should be covered 12 or 2 in. deep, the distance between the rows being about 2 ft., or for the dwarfest sorts 18 in., and that between plants from 4 to 6 in . The pods may be used as a green vegetable, in which case they should be gathered whilst they are so crisp as to be readily snapped in two when See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent; but when the dry seeds are to be used the pods should be allowed to ripen . As the green pods are gathered others will continue to be formed in abundance, but if old seed-forming pods are allowed to remain the formation of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young ones will be greatly checked . There are numerous varieties; among the best are See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Wonder, See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury and Black See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro . Phaseolus multiflorus, See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet runner, is nearly allied to P. vulgaris, of which it is sometimes regarded as a variety, but differs in its climbing See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit .

It is naturally perennial and has a thick fleshy See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, but is grown in Great Britain as a tender annual . Its See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright, generally scarlet See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, arranged in long racemes, and the fact that it will flourish in any ordinary good garden soil, combine to make it a favourite garden plant .. It is also of See also:

• INTEREST

interest as being one of the few plants that twine in a direction contrary to the apparent See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . The seeds of the runner beans should be sown in an open See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot,—the first sowing in May, another at the beginning of June, and a third about the middle of June . In the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardens they are sown 8 to 12 in. apart, in 4 ft. rows if the soil is good . The See also:

• TWINING, THOMAS (1735-1804)

twining tops are pinched or cut off when the plants are from 2 to 22 ft. high, to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the expense of staking . It is better, however, in private gardens to have the rows See also:

• STANDING

standing separately, and to support the plants by stakes 6 or 7 ft. high and about a See also:

• FOOT

foot apart, the tops of the stakes being crossed about one-third down . If the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is dry when the pods are forming abundantly, plenty of tepid water should be supplied to the plants . In training the shoots to their supports, they should be twined from right to left, contrary to the course of the sun, or they will not See also:

• LAY

lay hold . By frequently picking the pods the plants are encouraged to form fresh blooms from which pods may be picked until the approach of See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost . The ordinary scarlet runner is most commonly grown, but there is a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-flowered variety which has also white seeds; this is very prolific and of excellent quality . Another variety called Painted See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady, with the flowers red and white, is very ornamental, but not so productive .

Carter's See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

Champion is a large-podded productive variety . Another species P. lunatus, the See also:

• LIMA

Lima bean, a tall biennial with a See also:

• SCIMITAR

scimitar-shaped pod (whence the specific name) 2 to 3 in. long containing a few large seeds, is widely cultivated in the warmer-parts of the world . The young pods of another leguminous climbing See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb, Dolichos Lablab, as well as the seeds, are widely used in the tropics, as we use the kidney bean . The plant is probably a native of tropical Africa, but is now generally cultivated in the tropics . The word Dolichos is of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek origin, and was used by See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus for the scarlet runner . Another species, D. biflorus, is the horse See also:

• GRAM

gram, the seed of which is eaten by the poorer class of natives in India, and is also, as are the pods, a food for horses and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . The Soy bean, Glycine hispida, was included by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus in the genus Dolichos . It is extensively cultivated in China and Japan, chiefly for the pleasant-flavoured seed from which is prepared a piquant See also:

• SAUCE

sauce . It is also widely grown in India, where the bean is eaten, while the plant forms a valuable fodder; it is cultivated for the latter purpose in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . Other references to beans will be found under See also:

• SPECIAL

special headings, such as See also:

• CALABAR (or OLD CALABAR)

CALABAR BEAN, See also:

• LOCUST

LOCUST-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

TREE . There are also several non-leguminous seeds to which the popular name bean is attached . Among these may be mentioned the sacred See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian or See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean bean (Nelumbium speciosum), and the See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius bean (probably Strychnos multi See also:

• FLORA

flora), a source of See also:

• STRYCHNINE

strychnine .

The ancient Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans made useof beans in gathering the votes of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and for the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of magistrates . A white bean signified See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution, and a black one condemnation . Beans had a mysterious use in the lemuralia and parentalia, where the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the family, after washing his hands three times, threw black beans over his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head nine times, reiterating the words " I redeem myself and my family by these beans." BEAN-FEAST, primarily an annual See also:

• DINNER

dinner given by an employer to his workpeople, and then colloquially any jollification . The phrase is variously derived . The most probable theory is that which connects it with the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and afterwards in Germany and England, of a feast on Twelfth See also:

• NIGHT

Night, at which a cake with a bean buried in it was a great feature . The bean-See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king was he who had the good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to have the slice of cake in which was the bean . This choosing of a king or See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen by a bean was formerly a common See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas diversion at the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and Scottish courts, and in both English See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . This monarch was master of the See also:

• REVELS, MASTER OF THE

revels like his congener the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of See also:

• MISRULE, LORD OF

misrule . A See also:

• CLUE

clue to his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original functions is possibly found in the old popular belief that the weather for the ensuing twelve months was determined by the weather of the twelve days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, the weather of each particular See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month being prognosticated from each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Thus the king of the bean of Twelfth Night may have originally reigned for the twelve days, his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty being the performance of magical ceremonies for ensuring good weather during the ensuing twelve months . Probably in him and the lord of misrule it is correct to find the lineal descend-See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant of the old king of the Saturnalia, the real man who personated See also:

• SATURN
• SATURN [SATURNUS]

Saturn and, when the revels ceased, suffered a real See also:

• DEATH

death in his assumed See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Another but most improbable derivation for bean-feast connects it with M.E. bene " See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer," "See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request," the allusion being to the soliciting of See also:

• ALMS

alms towards the cost of theit Twelfth Night dinner by the workpeople .

See WAYZGOOSE; MISRULE, LORD OF; also J . Boemus, Mores, leges et ritus omnivm gentium (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1541), p . 222; Laisnel de la Salle, Croyances et legendes du centre de la France, i . 19-29; Lecoeur, Esquisses du See also:

• BOCAGE (from O. Fr. boscage, Late Lat. boscum, a wood)
• BOCAGE, MANUEL MARIA BARBOSA DE (1765-1805)

Bocage normand, ii . 125; Schmitz, Sitten send Sagen See also:

• DES

des Eifler Volkes, i . 6; See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand, Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (See also:

• HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830)

Hazlitt's edit .. 1905), under " Twelfth Night "; Cortet, Fetes religieuses, p . 29 sqq .