See also:

• BEATON (or BETIIUNE), DAVID, (c. 1494-1546)

BEATON (or BETIIUNE), See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

DAVID, (c. 1494-1546)  , Scottish See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, was a younger son of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BEATON (or BETIIUNE), DAVID, (c. 1494-1546)

Beaton of See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

Fife, and is said to have been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1494 . He was educated at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of St Andrews and See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, and in his sixteenth year was sent to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he studied See also:

• CIVIL

civil and See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was presented to the rectory of Campsie by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Beaton, then archbishop of Glasgow . When James Beaton was translated to St Andrews in 1522 he resigned the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich abbacy of See also:

• ARBROATH, or ABERBROTHOCK

Arbroath in his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew's favour, under See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation of one See also:

• HALF

half of the revenues to himself during his lifetime . The See also:

• GREAT

great ability of Beaton and the patronage of his uncle ensured his rapid promotion to high offices in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . He was sent by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King James V. on various See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and in 1528 was appointed keeper of the privy See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal . He took a leading See also:

• PART

part in the negotiations connected with the king's marriages, first with Madeleine of France, and afterwards with See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise . At the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court he was held in high estimation by King See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I., and was consecrated See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Mirepoix in See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1537 . On the loth of December 1538 he was appointed a cardinal See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III., under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen in the Coelian See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill . He was the only Scotsman who had been named to that high See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office by an undisputed right, Cardinal See also:

• WARDLAW, ELIZABETH, LADY (1677-1727)
• WARDLAW, HENRY (d. 1440)

Wardlaw, bishop of Glasgow, having received his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment from the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VII . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Archbishop James Beaton in 1539, the cardinal was raised to the primatial see of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . Beaton was one of King James's most trusted advisers, and it was mainly due to his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence that the king See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew closer the French See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance and refused See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII.'s overtures to follow him in his religious policy .

On the death of James in December 1542 he attempted to assume office as one of the regents for the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign Mary, See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding his pretensions on an alleged will of the See also:

• LATE

late king; but his claims were disregarded, and the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• ARRAN
• ARRAN, EARLS OF

Arran, See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the great See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, and next See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, was declared See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent by the estates . The cardinal was, by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the regent, committed to the custody of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SEATON, SIR JOHN COLBORNE

Seaton; but his imprisonment was merely nominal, and he was soon again at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and at the head of the party opposed to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English alliance . Arran too was soon won over to his views, dismissed the preachers by whom he had been surrounded, and joined the cardinal at See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling, where in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1543 Beaton crowned the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen . In the same year he was raised to the office of See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of Scotland, and was appointed protonotary apostolic and See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate a latere by the pope . Had Beaton confined himself to See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular politics, his strenuous opposition to the plans of Henry VIII. for the subjugation of Scotland would have earned him the lasting gratitude of his countrymen . Unfortunately politics were inextricably interwoven with the religious controversies of the time, and resistance to English influence involved resistance to the activities of the reformers in the church, whose ultimate victory has obscured the cardinal's genuine merits as a statesman . During the lifetime of his uncle, Beaton had shared in the efforts of the See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy to suppress the reformed doctrines, and pursued the same See also:

• LINE

line of conduct still more systematically after his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the primacy . The popular accounts of the persecution for which he was responsible are no doubt exaggerated, and it sometimes ceased for considerable periods so far as See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital punishments were concerned . When the sufferers were of humble See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank not much See also:

• NOTICE

notice was taken of them . It was otherwise when a more distinguished victim was selected in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• WISHART, GEORGE (c. 1513-1546)

Wishart . Wishart had returned to Scotland, after an See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of several years, about the end of 1544 . His sermons produced a great effect, and he was protected by several barons of the English See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction .

These barons, with the knowledge and approbation of King Henry, were engaged in a See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot to assassinate the cardinal, and in this plot Wishart is now proved to have been a willing See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent . The cardinal, though ignorant of the details of the plot, perhaps suspected Wishart's knowledge of it, and in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case was not sorry to have an excuse for seizing one of the most eloquent supporters of the new opinions . For some time he was unsuccessful; but at last, with the aid of the regent, he arrested the preacher, and carried him to his See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Andrews . On the 28th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1546 Wishart was brought to trial in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral before the cardinal and other See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, the regent declining to take any active part, and, being found guilty of See also:

• HERESY

heresy, was condemned to death and burnt . The death of Wishart produced a deep effect on the Scottish See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and the cardinal became an See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general dislike, which encouraged his enemies to proceed with the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design they had formed against him . Naturally resolute and fearless, he seems to have under-estimated his danger, the more so since his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power had never seemed more secure . He crossed over to See also:

• ANGUS, EARLS OF

Angus, and took part in the See also:

• WEDDING

wedding of his illegitimate daughter with the heir of the earl of See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford . On his return to St Andrews he took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the castle . The conspirators, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of whom were See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie, See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• ROTHES, EARLS OF

Rothes, and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Kirkaldy of See also:

• GRANGE (through the A.-Fr. graunge, from the Med. Lat. granea, a place for storing grain, granum)

Grange, contrived to obtain See also:

• ADMISSION

admission at daybreak of the 29th of May 1546,' and murdered the cardinal under circumstances of horrible mockery and atrocity . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Beaton has already been indicated . As a statesman he was able, resolute, and in his general policy patriotic . As an ecclesiastic he maintained the privileges of the hierarchy and the dominant See also:

• SYSTEM

system of belief conscientiously, but always with harshness and sometimes with See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty .

His immoralities, like his acts of persecution, were exaggerated by his opponents; but his private See also:

• LIFE

life was undoubtedly a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and has only the excuse that it was not worse than that of most of his order at the time . The authorship of the writings ascribed to him in several See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical notices rests on no better authority than the apocryphal statements of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• DEMPSTER, THOMAS (1579-1625)

Dempster . Beaton's uncle, James Beaton, or See also:

• BETHUNE
• BETHUNE (FAMILY)
• BETHUNE, CONON

Bethune (d . 1539), See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop of Glasgow and St Andrews, was lord treasurer of Scotland before he became archbishop of Glasgow in 1509, was chancellor from 1513 to 1526, and was appointed archbishop of St Andrews and See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate of Scotland in 1522 . He was one of the regents during the minority of James V., and was chiefly responsible for this king's See also:

• ACTION

action in allying himself with France and not with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . He burned See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick Hamilton and other heretics, and died at St Andrews in September 1539 . This See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate must not be confused with another, James Beaton, or Bethune (1517—1603), the last See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic archbishop of Glasgow . A son of John Bethune of See also:

• AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL (1756-1822)

Auchmuty and a nephew of Cardinal Beaton, James was a trusted adviser of the Scottish regent, Mary of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, widow of James V., and a determined foe of the reformers . In 1552 he was consecrated archbishop of Glasgow, but from 156o until his death in 1603 he lived in Paris, acting as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador for Scotland at the French court . See John See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox, Hist. of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in Scotland, ed . D . See also:

• LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793–1826)
• LAING, DAVID (1793–1878)
• LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818)
• LAING, SAMUEL (1810-1897)

Laing (1846–1864); John See also:

• SPOTTISWOODE (SPOTTISwooD, SPOTISWOOD Or SPOTSWOOD), JOHN (1565-1639)
• SPOTTISWOODE, WILLIAM (1825-1883)

Spottiswoode, archbishop of St Andrews, Hist: of the Church of Scotland (Spottiswoode See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1847–1851); See also:

• ART

Art. in Dirt. of Nat .

Biog. and See also:

• WORKS

works there quoted; and A . See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang, Hist. of Scotland, vols. i. and ii . (1900-1902) .